Skip to main content

The Forkhead Transcription Factors Play Important Roles in Vascular Pathology and Immunology

  • Chapter
Forkhead Transcription Factors

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 665))

Abstract

Transcription factor families are a small number of upstream master genes in “higher hierarchy” that control the expression of a large number of downstream genes. These transcription factors have been found to integrate the signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with or without autoimmune inflammatory mechanisms. In this chapter, we organize our analysis of recent progress in characterization of forkhead (FOX) transcription factor family members in vascular pathology and immune regulation into the following sections: (1) Introduction of the FOX transcription factor superfamily; (2) FOX transcription factors and endothelial cell pathology; (3) FOX transcription factors and vascular smooth muscle cells; and (4) FOX transcription factors, inflammation and immune system. Advances in these areas suggest that the FOX transcription factor family is important in regulating vascular development and the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Zhou X, Nicoletti A, Elhage R et al. Transfer of CD4(+) T-cells aggravates atherosclerosis in immunodeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Circulation 2000; 102:2919–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ross R. Atherosclerosis. In: Wyngaarden J, Smith LH, Bennett JC, ed. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company, 1992:293–8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tobias PS, Curtiss LK. Toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:1453–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang H, Jiang X, Yang F et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia accelerates atherosclerosis in cystathionine beta-synthase and apolipoprotein E double knock-out mice with and without dietary perturbation. Blood 2003; 101:3901–3907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jiang X, Yang F, Tan H et al. Hyperhomocystinemia impairs endothelial function and eNOS activity via PKC activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2515–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tan H, Jiang X, Yang F et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia inhibits post-injury reendothelialization in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69:253–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Xu Q. Infections, heat shock proteins and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003; 18:245–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1685–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Yang XF. Factors regulating apoptosis and homeostasis of CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T-cells are new therapeutic targets. Front Biosci 2008; 13:1472–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Xiong Z, Song J, Yan Y et al. Higher expression of Bax in regulatory T-cells increases vascular inflammation. Front Biosci 2008; 13:7143–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Xiong Z, Yan Y, Song J et al. Expression of TCTP antisense in CD25(high) regulatory T-cells aggravates cuff-injured vascular inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2009; Apr;203(2):401–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yan Y, Xiong Z, Zhang S et al. CD25high T-cells with a prolonged survival inhibit development of diabetes. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:767–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ait-Oufella H, Salomon BL, Potteaux S et al. Natural regulatory T-cells control the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Nat Med 2006; 12:178–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mor A, Planer D, Luboshits G et al. Role of naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cells in experimental atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:893–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Viemann D, Schulze-Osthoff K, Roth J. Potentials and pitfalls of DNA array analysis of the endothelial stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1746:73–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yang X-F, Ying Yin, Hong Wang. Vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis are activated via receptors for PAMPs and suppressed by regulatory T-cells. Drug Discovery Today Therapeutic Strategies 2009; in press: doi:10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.11.003.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Papanicolaou KN, Izumiya Y, Walsh K. Forkhead transcription factors and cardiovascular biology. Circ Res 2008; 102:16–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Parmacek MS. Myocardin-related transcription factors: critical coactivators regulating cardiovascular development and adaptation. Circ Res 2007; 100:633–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hofmann JJ, Iruela-Arispe ML. Notch signaling in blood vessels: who is talking to whom about what? Circ Res 2007; 100:1556–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Atkins GB, Jain MK. Role of Kruppel-like transcription factors in endothelial biology. Circ Res 2007; 100:1686–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Oettgen P. Regulation of vascular inflammation and remodeling by ETS factors. Circ Res 2006; 99:1159–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Matouk CC, Marsden PA. Epigenetic regulation of vascular endothelial gene expression. Circ Res 2008; 102:873–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hannenhalli S, Putt ME, Gilmore JM et al. Transcriptional genomics associates FOX transcription factors with human heart failure. Circulation 2006; 114:1269–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Weigel D, Jurgens G, Kuttner F et al. The homeotic gene fork head encodes a nuclear protein and is expressed in the terminal regions of the Drosophila embryo. Cell 1989; 57:645–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Weigel D, Jackie H. The fork head domain: a novel DNA binding motif of eukaryotic transcription factors? Cell 1990; 63:455–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC. OutFOXOing disease and disability: the therapeutic potential of targeting FoxO proteins. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:219–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Burgering BM. A brief introduction to FOXOlogy. Oncogene 2008; 27:2258–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kops GJ, de Ruiter ND, De Vries-Smits AM et al. Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. Nature 1999; 398:630–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nemoto S, Finkel T. Redox regulation of forkhead proteins through a p66shc-dependent signaling pathway. Science 2002; 295:2450–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tran H, Brunet A, Grenier JM et al. DNA repair pathway stimulated by the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a through the Gadd45 protein. Science 2002; 296:530–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dijkers PF, Medema RH, Lammers JW et al. Expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1. Curr Biol 2000; 10:1201–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Brunet A, Bonni A, Zigmond MJ et al. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell 1999; 96:857–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Stitt TN, Drujan D, Clarke BA et al. The IGF-l/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors. Mol Cell 2004; 14:395–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A et al. Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-l and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell 2004; 117:399–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Skurk C, Izumiya Y, Maatz H et al. The FOXO3a transcription factor regulates cardiac myocyte size downstream of AKT signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20814–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Puigserver P, Rhee J, Donovan J et al. Insulin-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through FOXO1-PGC-1alpha interaction. Nature 2003; 423:550–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Nakae J, Biggs WH 3rd, Kitamura T et al. Regulation of insulin action and pancreatic beta-cell function by mutated alleles of the gene encoding forkhead transcription factor Foxol. Nat Genet 2002; 32:245–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nakae J, Kitamura T, Silver DL et al. The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 (Fkhr) confers insulin sensitivity onto glucose-6-phosphatase expression. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1359–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Paik JH, Kollipara R, Chu G et al. FoxOs are lineage-restricted redundant tumor suppressors and regulate endothelial cell homeostasis. Cell 2007; 128:309–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Furuyama T, Kitayama K, Shimoda Y et al. Abnormal angiogenesis in Foxo1 (Fkhr)-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34741–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Jacobs FM, van der Heide LP, Wijchers PJ et al. FoxO6, a novel member of the FoxO class of transcription factors with distinct shuttling dynamics. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35959–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Peng SL. Foxo in the immune system. Oncogene 2008; 27:2337–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ni YG, Wang N, Cao DJ et al. FoxO transcription factors activate Akt and attenuate insulin signaling in heart by inhibiting protein phosphatases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:20517–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Tremblay ML, Giguere V. Phosphatases at the heart of FoxO metabolic control. Cell metabolism 2008; 7:101–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. De Val S, Chi NC, Meadows SM et al. Combinatorial regulation of endothelial gene expression by ets and forkhead transcription factors. Cell 2008; 135:1053–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Abid MR, Shih SC, Otu HH et al. A novel class of vascular endothelial growth factor-responsive genes that require forkhead activity for expression. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35544–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Shaut CA, Keene DR, Sorensen LK et al. HOXA13 Is essential for placental vascular patterning and labyrinth endothelial specification. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000073.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Chong ZZ, Li F, Maiese K. Oxidative stress in the brain: novel cellular targets that govern survival during neurodegenerative disease. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 75:207–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tang ED, Nunez G, Barr FG et al. Negative regulation of the forkhead transcription factor FKHR by Akt. J. Biol Chem 1999; 274:16741–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Yaffe MB, Rittinger K, Volinia S et al. The structural basis for 14-3-3:phosphopeptide binding specificity. Cell 1997; 91:961–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Liu P, Kao TP, Huang H. CDK1 promotes cell proliferation and survival via phosphorylation and inhibition of FOXO1 transcription factor. Oncogene 2008; 27:4733–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Huang H, Tindall DJ. FOXO factors: a matter of life and death. Future oncology (London, England) 2006; 2:83–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Miyamoto K, Miyamoto T, Kato R et al. FoxO3a regulates hematopoietic homeostasis through a negative feedback pathway in conditions of stress or aging. Blood 2008; 112:4485–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Schwarz JB, Langwieser N, Langwieser NN et al. Novel role of the CXC chemokine receptor 3 in inflammatory response to arterial injury. Involvement of mTORC1. Circ Res 2009; Jan 30;104(2):189–200, 8p following 200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dormond O, Madsen JC, Briscoe DM. The effects of mTOR-Akt interactions on anti-apoptotic signaling in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23679–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X et al. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 1997; 91:231–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fosbrink M, Niculescu F, Rus V et al. C5b-9-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration are dependent on Akt inactivation of forkhead transcription factor FOXO1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19009–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Skurk C, Maatz H, Kim HS et al. The Akt-regulated forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a controls endothelial cell viability through modulation of the caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:1513–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dernbach E, Urbich C, Brandes RP et al. Antioxidative stress-associated genes in circulating progenitor cells: evidence for enhanced resistance against oxidative stress. Blood 2004; 104:3591–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Rumpold H, Wolf D, Koeck R et al. Endothelial progenitor cells: a source for therapeutic vasculogenesis? Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2004; 8:509–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:391–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tepper OM, Galiano RD, Capla JM et al. Human endothelial progenitor cells from type II diabetics exhibit impaired proliferation, adhesion and incorporation into vascular structures. Circulation 2002; 106:2781–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Urbich C, Knau A, Fichtlscherer S et al. FOXO-dependent expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim: pivotal role for apoptosis signaling in endothelial progenitor cells. FASEB J 2005; 19:974–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhu S, Evans S, Yan B et al. Transcriptional regulation of Bim by FOXO3a and Akt mediates scleroderma serum-induced apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 2008; 118:2156–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mogi M, Walsh K, Iwai M et al. Akt-FOXO3a signaling affects human endothelial progenitor cell differentiation. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:153–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Potente M, Fisslthaler B, Busse R et al. 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-induced inhibition of FOXO factors promotes endothelial proliferation by down-regulating p27Kip1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29619–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Astorga J, Carlsson P. Hedgehog induction of murine vasculogenesis is mediated by Foxf1 and Bmp4. Development 2007; 134:3753–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhao YY, Gao XP, Zhao YD et al. Endothelial cell-restricted disruption of FoxM1 impairs endothelial repair following LPS-induced vascular injury. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2333–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Zhang HS, Cao EH, Qin JE. Homocysteine induces cell cycle G1 arrest in endothelial cells through the PI3K/Akt/FOXO signaling pathway. Pharmacology 2005; 74:57–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hayashi H, Kume T. Foxc transcription factors directly regulate D1l4 and Hey2 expression by interacting with the VEGF-Notch signaling pathways in endothelial cells. PLoS ONE 2008; 3:e2401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang Y, Zhang N, Dai B et al. FoxM1B transcriptionally regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and promotes the angiogenesis and growth of glioma cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8733–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Abid MR, Nadeau RJ, Spokes KC et al. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits VEGF-forkhead-dependent gene expression in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2042–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Fisslthaler B, Fleming I, Keseru B et al. Fluid shear stress and NO decrease the activity of the hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in endothelial cells via the AMP-activated protein kinase and FoxO1. Circ Res 2007; 100:e12–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Yu X, Murao K, Imachi H et al. Regulation of scavenger receptor class BI gene expression by angiotensin II in vascular endothelial cells. Hypertension 2007; 49:1378–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Potente M, Urbich C, Sasaki K et al. Involvement of Foxo transcription factors in angiogenesis and postnatal neovascularization. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2382–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Heinke J, Wehofsits L, Zhou Q et al. BMPER is an endothelial cell regulator and controls bone morphogenetic protein-4-dependent angiogenesis. Circ Res 2008; 103:804–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Taddei A, Giampietro C, Conti A et al. Endothelial adherens junctions control tight junctions by VE-cadherin-mediated upregulation of claudin-5. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:923–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Littlewood TD, Bennett MR. Foxing smooth muscle cells: FOXO3a-CYR61 connection. Circ Res 2007; 100:302–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Yellaturu CR, Bhanoori M, Neeli I et al. N-Ethylmaleimide inhibits platelet-derived growth factor BB-stimulated Akt phosphorylation via activation of protein phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:40148–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Suhara T, Kim HS, Kirshenbaum LA et al. Suppression of Akt signaling induces Fas ligand expression: involvement of caspase and Jun kinase activation in Akt-mediated Fas ligand regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:680–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Abid MR, Yano K, Guo S et al. Forkhead transcription factors inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29864–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sedding DG, Seay U, Fink L et al. Mechanosensitive p27Kip1 regulation and cell cycle entry in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2003; 108:616–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Park KW, Kim DH, You HJ et al. Activated forkhead transcription factor inhibits neointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty through induction of p27. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:742–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee HY, Chung JW, Youn SW et al. Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a is a negative regulator of angiogenic immediate early gene CYR61, leading to inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2007; 100:372–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Grzeszkiewicz TM, Lindner V, Chen N et al. The angiogenic factor cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61, CCN1) supports vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and stimulates chemotaxis through integrin alpha(6) beta(1) and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1441–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hilfiker A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Fuchs M et al. Expression of CYR61, an angiogenic immediate early gene, in arteriosclerosis and its regulation by angiotensin II. Circulation 2002; 106:254–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mo FE, Muntean AG, Chen CC et al. CYR61 (CCNl) is essential for placental development and vascular integrity. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:8709–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Shin HS, Lee HJ, Nishida M et al. Betacellulin and amphiregulin induce upregulation of cyclin D1 and DNA synthesis activity through differential signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2003; 93:302–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Liu ZP, Wang Z, Yanagisawa H et al. Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells through interaction of Fox04 and myocardin. Dev Cell 2005; 9:261–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Luo ZX, Liu EM, Deng B et al. [Role of Foxp3 expression and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells on the pathogenesis of childhood asthma]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2006; 44:267–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Du KL, Ip HS, Li J et al. Myocardin is a critical serum response factor cofactor in the transcriptional program regulating smooth muscle cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2425–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Chen J, Kitchen CM, Streb JW et al. Myocardin: a component of a molecular switch for smooth muscle differentiation. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2002; 34:1345–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Li S, Wang DZ, Wang Z et al. The serum response factor coactivator myocardin is required for vascular smooth muscle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:9366–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Li M, Chiu JF, Mossman BT et al. Down-regulation of manganese-superoxide dismutase through phosphorylation of FOX03a by Akt in explanted vascular smooth muscle cells from old rats. J Biol Chern 2006; 281:40429–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Li M, Chiu JF, Gagne J et al. Age-related differences in insulin-like growth factor-l receptor signaling regulates Akt/FOX03a and ERK/Fos pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:377–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Allard D, Figg N, Bennett MR et al. Akr regulates the survival of vascular smooth muscle cells via inhibition of Fox03a and GSK3. J BioI Chern 2008; 283:19739–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kim IM, Ramakrishna S, Gusarova GA et al. The forkhead box ml transcription factor is essential for embryonic development of pulmonary vasculature. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22278–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kalinichenko VV, Gusarova GA, Tan Y et al. Ubiquitous expression of the forkhead box MIB transgene accelerates proliferation of distinct pulmonary cell types following lung injury. J Biol Chern 2003; 278:37888–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis:a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:508–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Pober JS, Sessa WC. Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:803–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Jonsson H, Peng SL. Forkhead transcription factors in immunology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:397–409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Birkenkamp KU, Coffer PJ. FOXO transcription factors as regulators of immune homeostasis: molecules to die for? J Immunol 2003; 171:1623–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kalin TV, Meliton L, Meliton AY et al. Pulmonary mastocytosis and enhanced lung inflammation in mice heterozygous null for the Foxfl gene. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:390–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Berg DT, Myers LJ, Richardson MA et al. Smad6s regulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-l through a protein kinase C-beta-dependent up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chern 2005; 280:14943–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ito Y, Daitoku H, Fukamizu A. Foxol increases pro-inflammatory gene expression by inducing C/EBPbeta in TNF-alpha-treated adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 378:290–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Snoeks L, Weber CR, Turner JR et al. Tumor suppressor Foxo.Ia is involved in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 in intestinal HT-29 cells. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4677–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hori S, Sakaguchi S. Foxp3: a critical regulator of the development and function of regulatory T-cells. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:745–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Maloy KJ, Powrie F. Regulatory T-cells in the control of immune pathology. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:816–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Shevach EM. CD4+ CD25+ suppressor T-cells: more questions than answers. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:389–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T-cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3._Science 2003; 299:1057–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. Foxp3 programs the development and function ofCD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:330–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Brunkow ME, Jeffery EW, Hjerrild KA et al. Disruption of a new forkhead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatallymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse. Nat Genet 2001; 27:68–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Blair PJ, Bultman SJ, Haas JC et al. CD4+CD8-T-cells are the effector cells in disease pathogenesis in the scurfy (sf) mouse. J Immunol 1994; 153:3764–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Bennett CL, Christie I, Ramsdell F et al. The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3. Nat Genet 2001; 27:20–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Jaeckel E, Mpofu N, Saal N et al. Role of regulatory T-cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res 2008; 40:126–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Blackburn CC, Manley NR. Developing a new paradigm for thymus organogenesis. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:278–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Boehm T, Bleul CC, Schorpp M. Genetic dissection of thymus development in mouse and zebrafish. Immunol Rev 2003; 195:15–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Nehls M, Pfeifer D, Schorpp M et al. New member of the winged-helix protein family disrupted in mouse and rat nude mutations. Nature 1994; 372:103–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Bleul CC, Boehm T. Chemokines define distinct microenvironments in the developing thymus. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:3371–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Frank J, Pignata C, Panteleyev AA et al. Exposing the human nude phenotype. Nature 1999; 398:473–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Fallarino F, Bianchi R, Orabona C et al. CTLA-4-Ig activates forkhead transcription factors and protects dendritic cells from oxidative stress in nonobese diabetic mice. J Exp Med 2004; 200:1051–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Lin L, Hron JD, Peng SL. Regulation of NF-kappaB, Th activation and autoinflammation by the forkhead transcription factor Foxo3a. Immunity 2004; 21:203–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Martinez-Gac L, Marques M, Garcia Z et al. Control of cyclin G2 mRNA expression by forkhead transcription factors: novel mechanism for cell cycle control by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and forkhead. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2181–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. So CW, Cleary ML. MLL-AFX requires the transcriptional effector domains of AFX to transform myeloid progenitors and transdominantly interfere with forkhead protein function. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:6542–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Lin L, Spoor MS, Gerth AJ et al. Modulation of Thl activation and inflammation by the NF-kappaB repressor Foxjl. Science 2004; 303:1017–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. McGarry RC, Walker R, Roder JC. The cooperative effect of the satin and beige mutations in the suppression of NK and CTL activities in mice. Immunogenetics 1984; 20:527–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC et al. FoxO proteins: cunning concepts and considerations for the cardiovascular system. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116:191–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiao-Feng Yang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Landes Bioscience and Springer+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yang, XF. et al. (2009). The Forkhead Transcription Factors Play Important Roles in Vascular Pathology and Immunology. In: Maiese, K. (eds) Forkhead Transcription Factors. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 665. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics