Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the generation and maintenance of tinnitus are being unraveled progressively. Based on this knowledge, a large variety of different neuromodulatory interventions have been developed and are still being designed, adapting to the progressive mechanistic insights in the pathophysiology of tinnitus. rTMS targeting the temporal, temporoparietal, and the frontal cortex has been the mainstay of non-invasive neuromodulation. Yet, the evidence is still unclear, and therefore systematic meta-analyses are needed for drawing conclusions on the effectiveness of rTMS in chronic tinnitus. Different forms of transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS, tACS, tRNS), applied over the frontal and temporal cortex, have been investigated in tinnitus patients, also without robust evidence for universal efficacy. Cortex and deep brain stimulation with implanted electrodes have shown benefit, yet there is insufficient data to support their routine clinical use. Recently, bimodal stimulation approaches have revealed promising results and it appears that targeting different sensory modalities in temporally combined manners may be more promising than single target approaches.
While most neuromodulatory approaches seem promising, further research is required to help translating the scientific outcomes into routine clinical practice.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Achard S, Salvador R, Whitcher B, Suckling J, Bullmore E (2006) A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J Neurosci 26(1):63–72. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3874-05.2006
Adamchic I, Hauptmann C, Tass PA (2012) Changes of oscillatory activity in pitch processing network and related tinnitus relief induced by acoustic CR neuromodulation. Front Syst Neurosci 6:18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2012.00018
Adamchic I, Toth T, Hauptmann C, Tass PA (2014) Reversing pathologically increased EEG power by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation. Hum Brain Mapp 35(5):2099–2118. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22314
Adjamian P, Sereda M, Zobay O, Hall DA, Palmer AR (2012) Neuromagnetic indicators of tinnitus and tinnitus masking in patients with and without hearing loss. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 13(5):715–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-012-0340-5
Akeju O, Loggia ML, Catana C, Pavone KJ, Vazquez R, Rhee J et al (2014) Disruption of thalamic functional connectivity is a neural correlate of dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness. Elife 3:e04499. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04499
Albert R, Jeong H, Barabasi AL (2000) Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406(6794):378–382. https://doi.org/10.1038/35019019
Aldini G (1804) Essai theoretique et experimental sur le galvanisme. Paris
Almaraz AC, Dilli E, Dodick DW (2010) The effect of prophylactic medications on TMS for migraine aura. Headache 50(10):1630–1633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01787.x
Alon G, Roys SR, Gullapalli RP, Greenspan JD (2011) Non-invasive electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) modifies the resting-state network connectivity of the primary motor cortex: a proof of concept fMRI study. Brain Res 1403:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.013
Amaral LA, Diaz-Guilera A, Moreira AA, Goldberger AL, Lipsitz LA (2004) Emergence of complex dynamics in a simple model of signaling networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(44):15551–15555. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404843101
Ambrus GG, Paulus W, Antal A (2010) Cutaneous perception thresholds of electrical stimulation methods: comparison of tDCS and tRNS. Clin Neurophysiol 121(11):1908–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.020
Antal A, Kincses TZ, Nitsche MA, Bartfai O, Paulus W (2004) Excitability changes induced in the human primary visual cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(2):702–707. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744917
Arndt R (1869) Die electricitat in der psychiatrie. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 2:259–261
Axelsson A, Ringdahl A (1989) Tinnitus – a study of its prevalence and characteristics. Br J Audiol 23(1):53–62. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2784987
Barabasi AL, Gulbahce N, Loscalzo J (2011) Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease. Nat Rev Genet 12(1):56–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2918
Barker AT (1999) The history and basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 51:3–21. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10590931
Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL (1985) Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1(8437):1106–1107
Bassett DS, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Achard S, Duke T, Bullmore E (2006) Adaptive reconfiguration of fractal small-world human brain functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(51):19518–19523. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606005103
Basura GJ, Koehler SD, Shore SE (2015) Bimodal stimulus timing-dependent plasticity in primary auditory cortex is altered after noise exposure with and without tinnitus. J Neurophysiol 114(6):3064–3075. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00319.2015
Best SRD, Pavel DG, Haustrup N (2019) Combination therapy with transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine for treatment-resistant depression: A long-term retrospective review of clinical use. Heliyon 5(8):e02187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02187
Bhatt JM, Bhattacharyya N, Lin HW (2017) Relationships between tinnitus and the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Laryngoscope 127(2):466–469. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26107
Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, Zannou AL, Jiang J, Adnan T et al (2016) Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016. Brain Stimul 9(5):641–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004
Bindman LJ, Lippold OC, Redfearn JW (1964) The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. J Physiol 172:369–382. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14199369
Boccard SG, Fitzgerald JJ, Pereira EA, Moir L, Van Hartevelt TJ, Kringelbach ML et al (2014) Targeting the affective component of chronic pain: a case series of deep brain stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000321
Boly M, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Lambermont B, Damas F, Luxen A et al (2005) Cerebral processing of auditory and noxious stimuli in severely brain injured patients: differences between VS and MCS. Neuropsychol Rehabil 15(3–4):283–289. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16350972
Borckardt JJ, Bikson M, Frohman H, Reeves ST, Datta A, Bansal V et al (2012) A pilot study of the tolerability and effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on pain perception. J Pain 13(2):112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.07.001
Borst A, Theunissen FE (1999) Information theory and neural coding. Nat Neurosci 2(11):947–957. https://doi.org/10.1038/14731
Brignani D, Manganotti P, Rossini PM, Miniussi C (2008) Modulation of cortical oscillatory activity during transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 29(5):603–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20423
Brignani D, Ruzzoli M, Mauri P, Miniussi C (2013) Is transcranial alternating current stimulation effective in modulating brain oscillations? PLoS One 8(2):e56589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056589
Brunoni AR, Amadera J, Berbel B, Volz MS, Rizzerio BG, Fregni F (2011) A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14(8):1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145710001690
Brunoni AR, Nitsche MA, Bolognini N, Bikson M, Wagner T, Merabet L, Edwards DJ, Valero-Cabre A, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A, Ferricci R, Priori A, Boggio PS, Fregni F (2012) Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions. Brain Stimul 5:175–195
Bullmore E, Sporns O (2009) Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(3):186–198. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2575
Bullmore E, Sporns O (2012) The economy of brain network organization. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(5):336–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3214
Buzsaki G (2006) Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Buzsaki G, Mizuseki K (2014) The log-dynamic brain: how skewed distributions affect network operations. Nat Rev Neurosci 15(4):264–278. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3687
Cappelletti M, Gessaroli E, Hithersay R, Mitolo M, Didino D, Kanai R et al (2013) Transfer of cognitive training across magnitude dimensions achieved with concurrent brain stimulation of the parietal lobe. J Neurosci 33(37):14899–14907. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1692-13.2013
Carmi L, Tendler A, Bystritsky A, Hollander E, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis J et al (2019) Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry., appiajp201918101180. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101180
Catania KC (2009) Tentacled snakes turn C-starts to their advantage and predict future prey behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(27):11183–11187. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905183106
Chaieb L, Antal A, Paulus W (2015) Transcranial random noise stimulation-induced plasticity is NMDA-receptor independent but sodium-channel blocker and benzodiazepines sensitive. Front Neurosci 9:125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00125
Cheeran B, Talelli P, Mori F, Koch G, Suppa A, Edwards M et al (2008) A common polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) modulates human cortical plasticity and the response to rTMS. J Physiol 586(Pt 23):5717–5725. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.159905
Chen R, Classen J, Gerloff C, Celnik P, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, Cohen LG (1997) Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 48(5):1398–1403. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9153480
Chen JJ, Zeng BS, Wu CN, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, Brunoni AR et al (2020) Association of central noninvasive brain stimulation interventions with efficacy and safety in tinnitus management: a meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1497
Cheung SW, Larson PS (2010) Tinnitus modulation by deep brain stimulation in locus of caudate neurons (area LC). Neuroscience 169(4):1768–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.007
Chib VS, Yun K, Takahashi H, Shimojo S (2013) Noninvasive remote activation of the ventral midbrain by transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex. Transl Psychiatry 3:e268. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2013.44
Claes L, Stamberger H, Van de Heyning P, De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2014) Auditory cortex tACS and tRNS for tinnitus: single versus multiple sessions. Neural Plast 2014:436713. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/436713
Clarke LE, Barres BA (2013) Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(5):311–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3484
Conlon B, Hamilton C, Hughes S, Meade E, Hall DA, Vanneste S et al (2019) Noninvasive bimodal neuromodulation for the treatment of tinnitus: protocol for a second large-scale double-blind randomized clinical trial to optimize stimulation parameters. JMIR Res Protoc 8(9):e13176. https://doi.org/10.2196/13176
Conlon B, Langguth B, Hamilton C, Hughes S, Meade E, Connor CO et al (2020) Bimodal neuromodulation combining sound and tongue stimulation reduces tinnitus symptoms in a large randomized clinical study. Sci Transl Med 12(564). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb2830
Crick F, Koch C (1995) Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375(6527):121–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/375121a0
Crunelli V, Lorincz ML, Connelly WM, David F, Hughes SW, Lambert RC et al (2018) Dual function of thalamic low-vigilance state oscillations: rhythm-regulation and plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.151
D'Arcy S, Hamilton C, Hughes S, Hall DA, Vanneste S, Langguth B, Conlon B (2017) Bi-modal stimulation in the treatment of tinnitus: a study protocol for an exploratory trial to optimise stimulation parameters and patient subtyping. BMJ Open 7(10):e018465. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018465
Datta A, Bansal V, Diaz J, Patel J, Reato D, Bikson M (2009) Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad. Brain Stimul 2(4):201–207., 207.e201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.005
Day BL, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Dick JP, Cowan JM, Berardelli A, Marsden CD (1987) Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. 2. Multiple descending volleys. Brain 110(Pt 5):1191–1209. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3676698
De Ridder D (2010) Should rTMS for tinnitus be performed left-sided, ipsilaterally or contralaterally, and is it a treatment or merely investigational? Eur J Neurol 17(7):891–892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02967.x
De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2012) EEG driven tDCS versus bifrontal tDCS for tinnitus. Front Psych 3:84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00084
De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2014) Targeting the parahippocampal area by auditory cortex stimulation in tinnitus. Brain Stimul. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.004
De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2015) Multitarget surgical neuromodulation: combined C2 and auditory cortex implantation for tinnitus. Neurosci Lett 591:202–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.034
De Ridder D, De Mulder G, Walsh V, Muggleton N, Sunaert S, Moller A (2004) Magnetic and electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex for intractable tinnitus. Case report. J Neurosurg 100(3):560–564. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15035296
De Ridder D, Verstraeten E, Van der Kelen K, De Mulder G, Sunaert S, Verlooy J et al (2005) Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: influence of tinnitus duration on stimulation parameter choice and maximal tinnitus suppression. Otol Neurotol 26(4):616–619. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16015156
De Ridder D, De Mulder G, Verstraeten E, Van der Kelen K, Sunaert S, Smits M et al (2006a) Primary and secondary auditory cortex stimulation for intractable tinnitus. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 68(1):48–54. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16514263
De Ridder D, Fransen H, Francois O, Sunaert S, Kovacs S, Van De Heyning P (2006b) Amygdalohippocampal involvement in tinnitus and auditory memory. Acta Otolaryngol (556):50–53. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17114143
De Ridder D, De Mulder G, Menovsky T, Sunaert S, Kovacs S (2007a) Electrical stimulation of auditory and somatosensory cortices for treatment of tinnitus and pain. Prog Brain Res 166:377–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66036-1
De Ridder D, De Mulder G, Verstraeten E, Seidman M, Elisevich K, Sunaert S et al (2007b) Auditory cortex stimulation for tinnitus. Acta Neurochir Suppl 97(Pt 2):451–462. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17691335
De Ridder D, van der Loo E, Van der Kelen K, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P, Moller A (2007c) Do tonic and burst TMS modulate the lemniscal and extralemniscal system differentially? Int J Med Sci 4(5):242–246. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17952200
De Ridder D, van der Loo E, Van der Kelen K, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P, Moller A (2007d) Theta, alpha and beta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: brain modulation in tinnitus. Int J Med Sci 4(5):237–241. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17952199
De Ridder D, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P (2008) Auditory cortex stimulation for tinnitus suppression. Otol Neurotol 29(4):574–575.; author reply 575. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181719773
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, van der Loo E, Plazier M, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P (2010) Burst stimulation of the auditory cortex: a new form of neurostimulation for noise-like tinnitus suppression. J Neurosurg 112(6):1289–1294. https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.10.JNS09298
De Ridder D, Elgoyhen AB, Romo R, Langguth B (2011a) Phantom percepts: tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(20):8075–8080. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018466108
De Ridder D, van der Loo E, Vanneste S, Gais S, Plazier M, Kovacs S et al (2011b) Theta-gamma dysrhythmia and auditory phantom perception. J Neurosurg 114(4):912–921. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.JNS10335
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Kovacs S, Sunaert S, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P, Moller A (2011c) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and extradural electrodes implanted on secondary auditory cortex for tinnitus suppression. J Neurosurg 114(4):903–911. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.JNS10197
De Ridder D, Song JJ, Vanneste S (2012a) Frontal cortex TMS for tinnitus. Brain Stimul 6(3):355–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.07.002
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Menovsky T, Langguth B (2012b) Surgical brain modulation for tinnitus: the past, present and future. J Neurosurg Sci 56(4):323–340
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Plazier M, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P, Kovacs S, Sunaert S (2012c) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrode implant for intractable tinnitus. World Neurosurg 77(5-6):778–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2011.09.009
De Ridder D, Joos K, Vanneste S (2014a) The enigma of the tinnitus-free dream state in a Bayesian world. Neural Plast 2014:612147. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/612147
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Engineer ND, Kilgard MP (2014b) Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a case series. Neuromodulation 17(2):170–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12127
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Freeman W (2014c) The Bayesian brain: phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 44C:4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.001
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Weisz N, Londero A, Schlee W, Elgoyhen AB, Langguth B (2014d) An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 44:16–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.021
De Ridder D, Kilgard M, Engineer N, Vanneste S (2015a) Placebo-controlled vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones in a patient with refractory tinnitus: a case report. Otol Neurotol 36(4):575–580. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000704
De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Langguth B, Llinas R (2015b) Thalamocortical dysrhythmia: a theoretical update in tinnitus. Front Neurol 6:124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00124
De Ridder D, Joos K, Vanneste S (2016a) Anterior cingulate implants for tinnitus: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg 124(4):893–901. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.3.JNS142880
De Ridder D, Manning P, Glue P, Cape G, Langguth B, Vanneste S (2016b) Anterior cingulate implant for alcohol dependence. Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000001248
De Ridder D, Perera S, Vanneste S (2017) State of the art: novel applications for cortical stimulation. Neuromodulation 20(3):206–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12593
Dehmel S, Cui YL, Shore SE (2008) Cross-modal interactions of auditory and somatic inputs in the brainstem and midbrain and their imbalance in tinnitus and deafness. Am J Audiol 17(2):S193–S209. https://doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2008/07-0045)
Dehmel S, Pradhan S, Koehler S, Bledsoe S, Shore S (2012) Noise overexposure alters long-term somatosensory-auditory processing in the dorsal cochlear nucleus – possible basis for tinnitus-related hyperactivity? J Neurosci 32(5):1660–1671. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4608-11.2012
Demertzi A, Soddu A, Laureys S (2012) Consciousness supporting networks. Curr Opin Neurobiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.003
Deppe M, Abdelnaim M, Hebel T, Kreuzer P, Poeppl T, Langguth B, Schecklmann M (2020) Concomitant lorazepam use and antidepressive efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a naturalistic setting. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci:1–7
Dieckhofer A, Waberski TD, Nitsche M, Paulus W, Buchner H, Gobbele R (2006) Transcranial direct current stimulation applied over the somatosensory cortex – differential effect on low and high frequency SEPs. Clin Neurophysiol 117(10):2221–2227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.136
Dietrich S (2004) Earliest historic reference of 'tinnitus' is controversial. J Laryngol Otol 118(7):487–488. https://doi.org/10.1258/0022215041615182
Dmochowski JP, Datta A, Bikson M, Su Y, Parra LC (2011) Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target. J Neural Eng 8(4):046011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/046011
Dobie RA (1999) A review of randomized clinical trials in tinnitus. Laryngoscope 109(8):1202–1211. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10443820
Dong C, Chen C, Wang T, Gao C, Wang Y, Guan X, Dong X (2020) Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int 2020:3141278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3141278
Donnell A, Nascimento TD, Lawrence M, Gupta V, Zieba T, Truong DQ et al (2015) High-definition and non-invasive brain modulation of pain and motor dysfunction in chronic TMD. Brain Stimul. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.008
Donovan C, Sweet J, Eccher M, Megerian C, Semaan M, Murray G, Miller J (2015) Deep brain stimulation of Heschl gyrus: implantation technique, intraoperative localization, and effects of stimulation. Neurosurgery 77(6):940–947. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000969
Dymond AM, Coger RW, Serafetinides EA (1975) Intracerebral current levels in man during electrosleep therapy. Biol Psychiatry 10(1):101–104. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1120172
Eguiluz VM, Chialvo DR, Cecchi GA, Baliki M, Apkarian AV (2005) Scale-free brain functional networks. Phys Rev Lett 94(1):018102. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15698136
Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Marienhagen J, Kleinjung T, Hajak G (2003a) Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with tinnitus: a short case series. Biol Psychiatry 54(8):862–865. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14550687
Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Marienhagen J, Kleinjung T, Hajak G (2003b) Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with tinnitus: a short case series. Biol Psychiatry 54:862–865
Elgoyhen AB, Langguth B, De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2015) Tinnitus: perspectives from human neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 16(10):632–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4003
Engineer ND, Riley JR, Seale JD, Vrana WA, Shetake JA, Sudanagunta SP et al (2011) Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity. Nature 470(7332):101–104. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09656
Fertonani A, Pirulli C, Miniussi C (2011) Random noise stimulation improves neuroplasticity in perceptual learning. J Neurosci 31(43):15416–15423. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2002-11.2011
Fertonani A, Ferrari C, Miniussi C (2015) What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects. Clin Neurophysiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.015
Fields H (2004) State-dependent opioid control of pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 5(7):565–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1431
Fleming MK, Sorinola IO, Newham DJ, Roberts-Lewis SF, Bergmann JH (2012) The effect of coil type and navigation on the reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 20(5):617–625. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2202692
Fodstad H, Hariz M (2007) Electricity in the treatment of nervous system disease. Acta Neurochir Suppl 97(Pt 1):11–19. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17691352
Fornito A, Bullmore ET (2014) Connectomics: a new paradigm for understanding brain disease. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.011
Fornito A, Zalesky A, Breakspear M (2015) The connectomics of brain disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 16(3):159–172. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3901
Fox MD, Halko MA, Eldaief MC, Pascual-Leone A (2012) Measuring and manipulating brain connectivity with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neuroimage 62(4):2232–2243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.035
Fox MD, Buckner RL, Liu H, Chakravarty MM, Lozano AM, Pascual-Leone A (2014) Resting-state networks link invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation across diverse psychiatric and neurological diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(41):E4367–E4375. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405003111
Frank E, Schecklmann M, Landgrebe M, Burger J, Kreuzer P, Poeppl TB et al (2011) Treatment of chronic tinnitus with repeated sessions of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation: outcomes from an open-label pilot study. J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-011-6189-4
Frank E, Schecklmann M, Landgrebe M, Burger J, Kreuzer P, Poeppl TB et al (2012) Treatment of chronic tinnitus with repeated sessions of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation: outcomes from an open-label pilot study. J Neurol 259(2):327–333. Retrieved from PM:21808984
Freeman WJ (2003) The wave packet: an action potential for the 21st century. J Integr Neurosci 2(1):3–30. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15011274
Freeman WJ (2005) A field-theoretic approach to understanding scale-free neocortical dynamics. Biol Cybern 92(6):350–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-005-0563-1
Freeman WJ, Rogers LJ (2002) Fine temporal resolution of analytic phase reveals episodic synchronization by state transitions in gamma EEGs. J Neurophysiol 87(2):937–945. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11826058
Freeman WJ, Kozma R, Werbos PJ (2001) Biocomplexity: adaptive behavior in complex stochastic dynamical systems. Biosystems 59(2):109–123. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11267739
Fregni F, Nitsche MA, Loo CK, Brunoni AR, Marangolo P, Leite J et al (2015) Regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): review and recommendations from an expert panel. Clin Res Regul Aff 32(1):22–35. https://doi.org/10.3109/10601333.2015.980944
Friedland DR, Gaggl W, Runge-Samuelson C, Ulmer JL, Kopell BH (2007) Feasibility of auditory cortical stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus. Otol Neurotol 28(8):1005–1012. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18043428
Friston KJ (2011) Functional and effective connectivity: a review. Brain Connect 1(1):13–36. https://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2011.0008
Fuchs E, Flugge G (2014) Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research. Neural Plast 2014:541870. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/541870
Fuggetta G, Pavone EF, Fiaschi A, Manganotti P (2008) Acute modulation of cortical oscillatory activities during short trains of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex: a combined EEG and TMS study. Hum Brain Mapp 29(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20371
Fujiyama H, Hyde J, Hinder MR, Kim SJ, McCormack GH, Vickers JC, Summers JJ (2014) Delayed plastic responses to anodal tDCS in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 6:115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00115
Galvani L (1791) De viribus electricitatis in motu muscolari animalium. Bologna
Galvani L (1797) Memorie sull'elettricita' animale
Goebel G, Hiller W (1994) The tinnitus questionnaire. A standard instrument for grading the degree of tinnitus. Results of a multicenter study with the tinnitus questionnaire. HNO 42(3):166–172. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8175381
Goerigk S, Cretaz E, Sampaio-Junior B, Vieira ELM, Gattaz W, Klein I et al (2021) Effects of tDCS on neuroplasticity and inflammatory biomarkers in bipolar depression: results from a sham-controlled study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 105:110119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110119
Goetz SM, Kozyrkov IC, Luber B, Lisanby SH, Murphy DLK, Grill WM, Peterchev AV (2019) Accuracy of robotic coil positioning during transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neural Eng 16(5):054003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab2953
Grefkes C, Nowak DA, Wang LE, Dafotakis M, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR (2010) Modulating cortical connectivity in stroke patients by rTMS assessed with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. Neuroimage 50(1):233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.029
Gribkoff VK, Kaczmarek LK (2017) The need for new approaches in CNS drug discovery: why drugs have failed, and what can be done to improve outcomes. Neuropharmacology 120:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.021
Guleyupoglu B, Schestatsky P, Edwards D, Fregni F, Bikson M (2013) Classification of methods in transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations. J Neurosci Methods 219(2):297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.07.016
Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, Wedeen VJ, Sporns O (2008) Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 6(7):e159. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159
Hayward G, Mehta MA, Harmer C, Spinks TJ, Grasby PM, Goodwin GM (2007) Exploring the physiological effects of double-cone coil TMS over the medial frontal cortex on the anterior cingulate cortex: an H2(15)O PET study. Eur J Neurosci 25(7):2224–2233. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17439499
Hebb D (1949) The organization of behavior; a neuropsychological theory. Wiley-Interscience, New York
Hebel T, Abdelnaim M, Deppe M, Langguth B, Schecklmann M (2020) Attenuation of antidepressive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients whose medication includes drugs for psychosis. J Psychopharmacol 34(10):1119–1124
Heimrath K, Breitling C, Krauel K, Heinze HJ, Zaehle T (2015) Modulation of pre-attentive spectro-temporal feature processing in the human auditory system by HD-tDCS. Eur J Neurosci 41(12):1580–1586. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12908
Heller AJ (2003) Classification and epidemiology of tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 36(2):239–248. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12856294
Herpich F, Melnick M, Huxlin K, Tadin D, Agosta S, Battelli L (2015) Transcranial random noise stimulation enhances visual learning in healthy adults. J Vis 15(12):40. https://doi.org/10.1167/15.12.40
Holland J (2014) Complexity. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hunter AM, Minzenberg MJ, Cook IA, Krantz DE, Levitt JG, Rotstein NM et al (2019) Concomitant medication use and clinical outcome of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder. Brain Behav 9(5):e01275. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1275
Iyer MB, Mattu U, Grafman J, Lomarev M, Sato S, Wassermann EM (2005) Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology 64(5):872–875. Retrieved from PM:15753425
Jacquemin L, Shekhawat GS, Van de Heyning P, Mertens G, Fransen E, Van Rompaey V et al (2018) Effects of electrical stimulation in tinnitus patients: conventional versus high-definition tDCS. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 32(8):714–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968318787916
Jastreboff PJ (1990) Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neurosci Res 8(4):221–254. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2175858
Joos K, De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2015) The differential effect of low- versus high-frequency random noise stimulation in the treatment of tinnitus. Exp Brain Res 233(5):1433–1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4217-9
Kanai R, Chaieb L, Antal A, Walsh V, Paulus W (2008) Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Curr Biol 18(23):1839–1843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.027
Karuza EA, Thompson-Schill SL, Bassett DS (2016) Local patterns to global architectures: influences of network topology on human learning. Trends Cogn Sci 20(8):629–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.06.003
Keck ME, Welt T, Post A, Muller MB, Toschi N, Wigger A et al (2001) Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a psychopathological animal model are suggestive of antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 24(4):337–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00191-3
Keck ME, Welt T, Muller MB, Erhardt A, Ohl F, Toschi N et al (2002) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system. Neuropharmacology 43(1):101–109. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12213264
Keeser D, Meindl T, Bor J, Palm U, Pogarell O, Mulert C et al (2011a) Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI. J Neurosci 31(43):15284–15293. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0542-11.2011
Keeser D, Padberg F, Reisinger E, Pogarell O, Kirsch V, Palm U et al (2011b) Prefrontal direct current stimulation modulates resting EEG and event-related potentials in healthy subjects: a standardized low resolution tomography (sLORETA) study. Neuroimage 55(2):644–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.004
Kelloway P (1946) The part played by the electrical fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy. Bull Hist Med 20:112–137
Keshner MS (1982) 1/f Noise. Proc IEEE 70(3):212–218
Kesselheim AS, Hwang TJ, Franklin JM (2015) Two decades of new drug development for central nervous system disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14(12):815–816. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4793
Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Dunn RT, Frye MA, Greenberg BD, Wassermann EM et al (1999) Frequency dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry 46(12):1603–1613. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10624541
Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, George MS, Danielson AL, Willis MW, Repella JD et al (2002) Left prefrontal-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in normal volunteers. Psychiatry Res 115(3):101–113. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12208488
Kleinjung T, Steffens T, Sand P, Murthum T, Hajak G, Strutz J et al (2007) Which tinnitus patients benefit from transcranial magnetic stimulation? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137(4):589–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.12.007
Kong J, Loggia ML, Zyloney C, Tu P, Laviolette P, Gollub RL (2010) Exploring the brain in pain: activations, deactivations and their relation. Pain 148(2):257–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.11.008
Kreuzer PM, Landgrebe M, Schecklmann M, Poeppl TB, Vielsmeier V, Hajak G et al (2011) Can temporal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation be enhanced by targeting affective components of tinnitus with frontal rTMS? A randomized controlled pilot trial. Front Syst Neurosci 5:88. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2011.00088
Kreuzer PM, Landgrebe M, Husser O, Resch M, Schecklmann M, Geisreiter F et al (2012) Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: retrospective assessment of cardiac safety in a pilot study. Front Psych 3:70. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00070
Kreuzer PM, Landgrebe M, Resch M, Husser O, Schecklmann M, Geisreiter F et al (2014) Feasibility, safety and efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in chronic tinnitus: an open pilot study. Brain Stimul 7(5):740–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.05.003
Kreuzer PM, Poeppl TB, Rupprecht R, Vielsmeier V, Lehner A, Langguth B, Schecklmann M (2017) Individualized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in chronic tinnitus? Front Neurol 8:126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00126
Kreuzer PM, Poeppl TB, Rupprecht R, Vielsmeier V, Lehner A, Langguth B, Schecklmann M (2019) Daily high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation of bilateral temporal cortex in chronic tinnitus – a pilot study. Sci Rep 9(1):12274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48686-0
Kuo HI, Bikson M, Datta A, Minhas P, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA (2013) Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4 x 1 ring tDCS: a neurophysiological study. Brain Stimul 6(4):644–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.010
Lang N, Siebner HR, Ward NS, Lee L, Nitsche MA, Paulus W et al (2005) How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain? Eur J Neurosci 22(2):495–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x
Langguth B, Eichhammer P, Kreutzer A, Maenner P, Marienhagen J, Kleinjung T et al (2006) The impact of auditory cortex activity on characterizing and treating patients with chronic tinnitus – first results from a PET study. Acta Otolaryngol (556):84–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/03655230600895317
Langguth B, Kreuzer PM, Kleinjung T, De Ridder D (2013) Tinnitus: causes and clinical management. Lancet Neurol 12(9):920–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70160-1
Larson PS, Cheung SW (2011) Deep brain stimulation in area LC controllably triggers auditory phantom percepts. Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182320ab5
Larson PS, Cheung SW (2013) A stroke of silence: tinnitus suppression following placement of a deep brain stimulation electrode with infarction in area LC. J Neurosurg 118(1):192–194. https://doi.org/10.3171/2012.9.JNS12594
Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Degueldre C, Fiore GD, Damas P, Lambermont B et al (2000) Auditory processing in the vegetative state. Brain 123(Pt 8):1589–1601. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10908189
Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Damas P, Lambermont B, Del Fiore G et al (2002) Cortical processing of noxious somatosensory stimuli in the persistent vegetative state. Neuroimage 17(2):732–741
Leaver AM, Renier L, Chevillet MA, Morgan S, Kim HJ, Rauschecker JP (2011) Dysregulation of limbic and auditory networks in tinnitus. Neuron 69(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.002
Lee HY, Choi MS, Chang DS, Cho CS (2017) Combined bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation and tailor-made notched music training in chronic tinnitus. J Audiol Otol 21(1):22–27. https://doi.org/10.7874/jao.2017.21.1.22
Lefaucheur JP, Andre-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache SS, Baeken C, Benninger DH et al (2014) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol 125(11):2150–2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021
Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F et al (2017) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin Neurophysiol 128(1):56–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.087
Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V et al (2020) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014-2018). Clin Neurophysiol 131(2):474–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002
Lefebvre-Demers M, Doyon N, Fecteau S (2020) Non-invasive neuromodulation for tinnitus: a meta-analysis and modeling studies. Brain Stimul 14(1):113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.11.014
Lehtimaki J, Hyvarinen P, Ylikoski M, Bergholm M, Makela JP, Aarnisalo A et al (2012) Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in tinnitus: a pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.750736
Leong SL, Glue P, Manning P, Vanneste S, Lim LJ, Mohan A, De Ridder D (2020) Anterior cingulate cortex implants for alcohol addiction: a feasibility study. Neurotherapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00851-4
Lerner AJ, Wassermann EM, Tamir DI (2019) Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012-2016: results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics. Clin Neurophysiol 130(8):1409–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.016
Levine RA (1999) Somatic (craniocervical) tinnitus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus hypothesis. Am J Otolaryngol 20(6):351–362. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10609479
Lewis CM, Baldassarre A, Committeri G, Romani GL, Corbetta M (2009) Learning sculpts the spontaneous activity of the resting human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(41):17558–17563. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902455106
Liang Z, Yang H, Cheng G, Huang L, Zhang T, Jia H (2020) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on chronic tinnitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 20(1):547. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02947-9
Liebetanz D, Koch R, Mayenfels S, Konig F, Paulus W, Nitsche MA (2009) Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Clin Neurophysiol 120(6):1161–1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.01.022
Lippold OC, Redfearn JW (1964) Mental changes resulting from the passage of small direct currents through the human brain. Br J Psychiatry 110:768–772. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14211693
Litre CF, Theret E, Tran H, Leveque M, Portefaix C, Gierski F et al (2009) Surgical treatment by electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex for intractable tinnitus. Brain Stimul 2(3):132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2008.11.001
Litre CF, Giersky F, Theret E, Leveque M, Peruzzi P, Rousseaux P (2010) Feasibility of auditory cortical stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus. Three case reports. Neurochirurgie 56(4):303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2010.03.004
Llinas RR, Steriade M (2006) Bursting of thalamic neurons and states of vigilance. J Neurophysiol 95(6):3297–3308. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00166.2006
Llinas RR, Ribary U, Jeanmonod D, Kronberg E, Mitra PP (1999) Thalamocortical dysrhythmia: a neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magnetoencephalography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(26):15222–15227. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10611366
Llinas R, Urbano FJ, Leznik E, Ramirez RR, van Marle HJ (2005) Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABA systems and the edge effect. Trends Neurosci 28(6):325–333. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15927689
Londero A, Bonfils P, Lefaucheur JP (2018) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and subjective tinnitus. A review of the literature, 2014-2016. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 135(1):51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2017.12.001
Lorenz I, Muller N, Schlee W, Hartmann T, Weisz N (2009) Loss of alpha power is related to increased gamma synchronization-A marker of reduced inhibition in tinnitus? Neurosci Lett 453(3):225–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.028
Luft CD, Pereda E, Banissy MJ, Bhattacharya J (2014) Best of both worlds: promise of combining brain stimulation and brain connectome. Front Syst Neurosci 8:132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00132
Malaguti A, Rossini D, Lucca A, Magri L, Lorenzi C, Pirovano A et al (2011) Role of COMT, 5-HT(1A) , and SERT genetic polymorphisms on antidepressant response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety 28(7):568–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20815
Marks KL, Martel DT, Wu C, Basura GJ, Roberts LE, Schvartz-Leyzac KC, Shore SE (2018) Auditory-somatosensory bimodal stimulation desynchronizes brain circuitry to reduce tinnitus in guinea pigs and humans. Sci Transl Med 10(422). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3175
Marshall L, Helgadottir H, Molle M, Born J (2006) Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature 444(7119):610–613. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05278
Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Huber R, Esser SK, Singh H, Tononi G (2005) Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science 309(5744):2228–2232. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117256
Matsunaga K, Nitsche MA, Tsuji S, Rothwell JC (2004) Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 115(2):456–460. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744588
Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D, Hamani C et al (2005) Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45(5):651–660. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15748841
Medeiros LF, de Souza IC, Vidor LP, de Souza A, Deitos A, Volz MS et al (2012) Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: a review. Front Psych 3:110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00110
Meinzer M, Antonenko D, Lindenberg R, Hetzer S, Ulm L, Avirame K et al (2012) Electrical brain stimulation improves cognitive performance by modulating functional connectivity and task-specific activation. J Neurosci 32(5):1859–1866. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4812-11.2012
Meinzer M, Lindenberg R, Antonenko D, Flaisch T, Floel A (2013) Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation temporarily reverses age-associated cognitive decline and functional brain activity changes. J Neurosci 33(30):12470–12478. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5743-12.2013
Melloni L, Molina C, Pena M, Torres D, Singer W, Rodriguez E (2007) Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception. J Neurosci 27(11):2858–2865. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17360907
Mishima T, Nagai T, Yahagi K, Akther S, Oe Y, Monai H et al (2019) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces adrenergic receptor-dependent microglial morphological changes in mice. eNeuro 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0204-19.2019
Mohan A, De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2017) Robustness and dynamicity of functional networks in phantom sound. Neuroimage 146:171–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.033
Mohan A, Alexandra SJ, Johnson CV, De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2018a) Effect of distress on transient network dynamics and topological equilibrium in phantom sound perception. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 84(Pt A):79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.025
Mohan A, De Ridder D, Idiculla R, C DS, Vanneste S (2018b) Distress-dependent temporal variability of regions encoding domain-specific and domain-general behavioral manifestations of phantom percepts. Eur J Neurosci 48(2):1743–1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13988
Mohsen S, Mahmoudian S, Talebian S, Pourbakht A (2018) Prefrontal and auditory tRNS in sequence for treating chronic tinnitus: a modified multisite protocol. Brain Stimul 11(5):1177–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.018
Mohsen S, Mahmoudian S, Talebian S, Pourbakht A (2019) Multisite transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) modulates the distress network activity and oscillatory powers in subjects with chronic tinnitus. J Clin Neurosci 67:178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.06.033
Moliadze V, Antal A, Paulus W (2010) Boosting brain excitability by transcranial high frequency stimulation in the ripple range. J Physiol 588(Pt 24):4891–4904. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.196998
Moliadze V, Atalay D, Antal A, Paulus W (2012) Close to threshold transcranial electrical stimulation preferentially activates inhibitory networks before switching to excitation with higher intensities. Brain Stimul 5(4):505–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2011.11.004
Momi D, Ozdemir RA, Tadayon E, Boucher P, Shafi MM, Pascual-Leone A, Santarnecchi E (2020) Network-level macroscale structural connectivity predicts propagation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 229:117698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117698
Monai H, Hirase H (2018) Astrocytes as a target of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to treat depression. Neurosci Res 126:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.012
Moreno-Duarte I, Gebodh N, Schestatsky P, Guleyupoglu B, Reato D, Bikson M, Fregni F (2014) Transcranial electrical stimulation: transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). In: Kadosh RC (ed) The stimulated brain: cognitive enhancement using non-invasive brain stimulation. Academia Press, London
Mulquiney PG, Hoy KE, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB (2011) Improving working memory: exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 122(12):2384–2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.009
Nikolin S, Loo CK, Bai S, Dokos S, Martin DM (2015) Focalised stimulation using high definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to investigate declarative verbal learning and memory functioning. Neuroimage 117:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.019
Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2001) Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57(10):1899–1901. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723286
Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A, Lang N, Antal A et al (2008) Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul 1(3):206–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004
Nitsche MA, Kuo M, Paulus W, Antal A (2015) Transcranial direct current stimulation: protocols and physiological mechanisms of action. In: Knotkova H, Rasche D (eds) Textbook of neuromodulation: principles, methods and clinical application. Springer, New York
Nowogrodzki A (2018) The world's strongest MRI machines are pushing human imaging to new limits. Nature 563(7729):24–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07182-7
Pascual-Leone A, Grafman J, Hallett M (1994) Modulation of cortical motor output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge. Science 263(5151):1287–1289. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8122113
Paulus W (2011) Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES – tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21(5):602–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2011.557292
Paus T, Sipila PK, Strafella AP (2001) Synchronization of neuronal activity in the human primary motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation: an EEG study. J Neurophysiol 86(4):1983–1990. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11600655
Pena-Gomez C, Sala-Lonch R, Junque C, Clemente IC, Vidal D, Bargallo N et al (2012) Modulation of large-scale brain networks by transcranial direct current stimulation evidenced by resting-state functional MRI. Brain Stimul 5(3):252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2011.08.006
Plewnia C, Bartels M, Gerloff C (2003) Transient suppression of tinnitus by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ann Neurol 53(2):263–266. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12557296
Plewnia C, Reimold M, Najib A, Brehm B, Reischl G, Plontke SK, Gerloff C (2007) Dose-dependent attenuation of auditory phantom perception (tinnitus) by PET-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 28(3):238–246. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16773635
Polania R, Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2011) Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organization of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 32(8):1236–1249. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21104
Polania R, Nitsche MA, Korman C, Batsikadze G, Paulus W (2012a) The importance of timing in segregated theta phase-coupling for cognitive performance. Curr Biol 22(14):1314–1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.021
Polania R, Paulus W, Nitsche MA (2012b) Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 33(10):2499–2508. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21380
Poreisz C, Boros K, Antal A, Paulus W (2007) Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Res Bull 72(4-6):208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004
Pushpakom S, Iorio F, Eyers PA, Escott KJ, Hopper S, Wells A et al (2019) Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Drug Discov 18(1):41–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.168
Rabenstein M, Unverricht-Yeboah M, Keuters MH, Pikhovych A, Hucklenbroich J, Vay SU et al (2019) Transcranial current stimulation alters the expression of immune-mediating genes. Front Cell Neurosci 13:461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00461
Radman T, Ramos RL, Brumberg JC, Bikson M (2009) Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro. Brain Stimul 2(4):215–228., 228.e211–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.007
Ramirez RR, Kopell BH, Butson CR, Gaggl W, Friedland DR, Baillet S (2009) Neuromagnetic source imaging of abnormal spontaneous activity in tinnitus patient modulated by electrical cortical stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1:1940–1944. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333457
Ranck JB Jr (1975) Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Res 98(3):417–440. doi:0006-8993(75)90364-9 [pii]
Rauschecker JP, Leaver AM, Muhlau M (2010) Tuning out the noise: limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus. Neuron 66(6):819–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.032
Reckow J, Rahman-Filipiak A, Garcia S, Schlaefflin S, Calhoun O, DaSilva AF et al (2018) Tolerability and blinding of 4x1 high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) at two and three milliamps. Brain Stimul 11(5):991–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.022
Redfearn JW, Lippold OC, Costain R (1964) A preliminary account of the clinical effects of polarizing the brain in certain psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry 110:773–785. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14211694
Ridding MC, Rothwell JC (2007) Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation? Nat Rev Neurosci 8(7):559–567. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2169
Romanska A, Rezlescu C, Susilo T, Duchaine B, Banissy MJ (2015) High-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation enhances perception of facial identity. Cereb Cortex 25(11):4334–4340. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv016
Rossini PM, Burke D, Chen R, Cohen LG, Daskalakis Z, Di Iorio R et al (2015) Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clin Neurophysiol 126(6):1071–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001
Rueger MA, Keuters MH, Walberer M, Braun R, Klein R, Sparing R et al (2012) Multi-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) elicits inflammatory and regenerative processes in the rat brain. PLoS One 7(8):e43776. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043776
Ruffini G, Fox MD, Ripolles O, Miranda PC, Pascual-Leone A (2014) Optimization of multifocal transcranial current stimulation for weighted cortical pattern targeting from realistic modeling of electric fields. Neuroimage 89:216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.002
Ruohonen J, Karhu J (2012) tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells. Clin Neurophysiol 123(10):2006–2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.082
Rush S, Driscoll DA (1968) Current distribution in the brain from surface electrodes. Anesth Analg 47(6):717–723. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4972743
Santarnecchi E, Polizzotto NR, Godone M, Giovannelli F, Feurra M, Matzen L et al (2013) Frequency-dependent enhancement of fluid intelligence induced by transcranial oscillatory potentials. Curr Biol 23(15):1449–1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.022
Schlee W, Hartmann T, Langguth B, Weisz N (2009a) Abnormal resting-state cortical coupling in chronic tinnitus. BMC Neurosci 10:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-10-11
Schlee W, Mueller N, Hartmann T, Keil J, Lorenz I, Weisz N (2009b) Mapping cortical hubs in tinnitus. BMC Biol 7:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-80
Schoisswohl S, Agrawal K, Simoes J, Neff P, Schlee W, Langguth B, Schecklmann M (2019) RTMS parameters in tinnitus trials: a systematic review. Sci Rep 9(1):12190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48750-9
Schonfeldt-Lecuona C, Thielscher A, Freudenmann RW, Kron M, Spitzer M, Herwig U (2005) Accuracy of stereotaxic positioning of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Topogr 17(4):253–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-005-6033-1
Seidman MD, Ridder DD, Elisevich K, Bowyer SM, Darrat I, Dria J et al (2008) Direct electrical stimulation of Heschl's gyrus for tinnitus treatment. Laryngoscope 118(3):491–500. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18094653
Shekhawat GS, Vanneste S (2018) Optimization of transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for tinnitus: a non-linear dose-response effect. Sci Rep 8(1):8311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26665-1
Shekhawat GS, Searchfield GD, Stinear CM (2014) Randomized trial of transcranial direct current stimulation and hearing aids for tinnitus management. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28(5):410–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968313508655
Shekhawat GS, Sundram F, Bikson M, Truong D, De Ridder D, Stinear CM et al (2015) Intensity, duration, and location of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation for tinnitus relief. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968315595286
Shen K, Hutchison RM, Bezgin G, Everling S, McIntosh AR (2015) Network structure shapes spontaneous functional connectivity dynamics. J Neurosci 35(14):5579–5588. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4903-14.2015
Shim HJ, Kwak MY, An YH, Kim DH, Kim YJ, Kim HJ (2015) Feasibility and safety of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation paired with notched music therapy for the treatment of chronic tinnitus. J Audiol Otol 19(3):159–167. https://doi.org/10.7874/jao.2015.19.3.159
Shore SE (2005) Multisensory integration in the dorsal cochlear nucleus: unit responses to acoustic and trigeminal ganglion stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 21(12):3334–3348. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16026471
Shore SE, Koehler S, Oldakowski M, Hughes LF, Syed S (2008) Dorsal cochlear nucleus responses to somatosensory stimulation are enhanced after noise-induced hearing loss. Eur J Neurosci 27(1):155–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05983.x
Shore SE, Roberts LE, Langguth B (2016) Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus – triggers, mechanisms and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 12(3):150–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.12
Soleimani R, Jalali MM, Hasandokht T (2016) Therapeutic impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on tinnitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 273(7):1663–1675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-015-3642-5
Song JJ, Vanneste S, Van de Heyning P, De Ridder D (2012) Transcranial direct current stimulation in tinnitus patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012:427941. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/427941
Speer AM, Kimbrell TA, Wassermann EM, J DR, Willis MW, Herscovitch P, Post RM (2000) Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 48(12):1133–1141. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11137053
Sporns O, Chialvo DR, Kaiser M, Hilgetag CC (2004) Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends Cogn Sci 8(9):418–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.008
Stagg CJ, Lin RL, Mezue M, Segerdahl A, Kong Y, Xie J, Tracey I (2013) Widespread modulation of cerebral perfusion induced during and after transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 33(28):11425–11431. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3887-12.2013
Stefanescu RA, Koehler SD, Shore SE (2015) Stimulus-timing-dependent modifications of rate-level functions in animals with and without tinnitus. J Neurophysiol 113(3):956–970. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00457.2014
Steinmetz H, Furst G, Freund HJ (1990) Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11(6):1123–1130. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2124038
Stramaccia DF, Penolazzi B, Sartori G, Braga M, Mondini S, Galfano G (2015) Assessing the effects of tDCS over a delayed response inhibition task by targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 233(8):2283–2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4297-6
Suk WC, Kim SJ, Chang DS, Lee HY (2018) Characteristics of stimulus intensity in transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for chronic tinnitus. J Int Adv Otol 14(2):267–272. https://doi.org/10.5152/iao.2018.3977
Teismann H, Wollbrink A, Okamoto H, Schlaug G, Rudack C, Pantev C (2014) Combining transcranial direct current stimulation and tailor-made notched music training to decrease tinnitus-related distress – a pilot study. PLoS One 9(2):e89904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089904
Terney D, Chaieb L, Moliadze V, Antal A, Paulus W (2008) Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation. J Neurosci 28(52):14147–14155. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008
Thut G, Schyns PG, Gross J (2011) Entrainment of perceptually relevant brain oscillations by non-invasive rhythmic stimulation of the human brain. Front Psychol 2:170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00170
To WT, Ost J, Hart J Jr, De Ridder D, Vanneste S (2017) The added value of auditory cortex transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) after bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for tinnitus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 124(1):79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1634-2
Tsanov M (2015) Septo-hippocampal signal processing: breaking the code. Prog Brain Res 219:103–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.002
Tyler S, Conto F, Battelli L (2015) Rapid effect of high-frequency tRNS over the parietal lobe during a temporal perceptual learning task. J Vis 15(12):393. https://doi.org/10.1167/15.12.393
Tyler R, Cacace A, Stocking C, Tarver B, Engineer N, Martin J et al (2017) Vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled pilot study in humans. Sci Rep 7(1):11960. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12178-w
Vanneste S, De Ridder D (2011) Bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation modulates tinnitus intensity and tinnitus-distress-related brain activity. Eur J Neurosci 34(4):605–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07778.x
Vanneste S, De Ridder D (2012a) The involvement of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in tinnitus: a TMS study. Exp Brain Res 221(3):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3177-6
Vanneste S, De Ridder D (2012b) Differences between a single session and repeated sessions of 1 Hz TMS by double-cone coil prefrontal stimulation for the improvement of tinnitus. Brain Stimul. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.019
Vanneste S, De Ridder D (2015) Deafferentation-based pathophysiological differences in phantom sound: Tinnitus with and without hearing loss. Neuroimage 129:80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.002
Vanneste S, Plazier M, Ost J, van der Loo E, Van de Heyning P, De Ridder D (2010) Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulation for tinnitus by transcranial direct current stimulation: a preliminary clinical study. Exp Brain Res 202(4):779–785. Retrieved from PM:20186404
Vanneste S, Focquaert F, Van de Heyning P, De Ridder D (2011) Different resting state brain activity and functional connectivity in patients who respond and not respond to bifrontal tDCS for tinnitus suppression. Exp Brain Res 210(2):217–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2617-z
Vanneste S, van der Loo E, Plazier M, De Ridder D (2012) Parietal double-cone coil stimulation in tinnitus. Exp Brain Res 221(3):337–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3176-7
Vanneste S, Fregni F, De Ridder D (2013a) Head-to-head comparison of transcranial random noise stimulation, transcranial AC stimulation, and transcranial DC stimulation for tinnitus. Front Psych 4:158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00158
Vanneste S, Walsh V, Van De Heyning P, De Ridder D (2013b) Comparing immediate transient tinnitus suppression using tACS and tDCS: a placebo-controlled study. Exp Brain Res 226(1):25–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3406-7
Vanneste S, Joos K, Langguth B, To WT, De Ridder D (2014) Neuronal correlates of maladaptive coping: an EEG-study in tinnitus patients. PLoS One 9(2):e88253. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088253
Vanneste S, Faber M, Langguth B, De Ridder D (2016) The neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction in phantom sounds. Brain Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.016
Vanneste S, Alsalman O, De Ridder D (2019) Top-down and bottom-up regulated auditory phantom perception. J Neurosci 39(2):364–378. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0966-18.2018
Villamar MF, Volz MS, Bikson M, Datta A, Dasilva AF, Fregni F (2013) Technique and considerations in the use of 4x1 ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). J Vis Exp 77:e50309. https://doi.org/10.3791/50309
Voroslakos M, Takeuchi Y, Brinyiczki K, Zombori T, Oliva A, Fernandez-Ruiz A et al (2018) Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans. Nat Commun 9(1):483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02928-3
Vossen A, Gross J, Thut G (2015) Alpha power increase after transcranial alternating current stimulation at alpha frequency (alpha-tACS) reflects plastic changes rather than entrainment. Brain Stimul 8(3):499–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.12.004
Wagner T, Fregni F, Fecteau S, Grodzinsky A, Zahn M, Pascual-Leone A (2007) Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study. Neuroimage 35(3):1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.027
Walsh V, Rushworth M (1999) A primer of magnetic stimulation as a tool for neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia 37(2):125–135. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10080370
Wang H, Wang X, Scheich H (1996) LTD and LTP induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in auditory cortex. Neuroreport 7(2):521–525. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8730820
Wang H, Wang X, Wetzel W, Scheich H (1999) Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in auditory cortex induces LTP and LTD and impairs discrimination learning of frequency-modulated tones. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 51:361–367. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10590969
Wang TC, Tyler RS, Chang TY, Chen JC, Lin CD, Chung HK, Tsou YA (2018a) Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with tinnitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 127(2):79–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489417744317
Wang Y, Zhang JN, Hu W, Li JJ, Zhou JX, Zhang JP et al (2018b) The characteristics of cognitive impairment in subjective chronic tinnitus. Brain Behav 8(3):e00918. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.918
Weber MJ, Messing SB, Rao H, Detre JA, Thompson-Schill SL (2014) Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation alters activation and connectivity in cortical and subcortical reward systems: a tDCS-fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 35(8):3673–3686. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22429
Weisz N, Hartmann T, Dohrmann K, Schlee W, Norena A (2006) High-frequency tinnitus without hearing loss does not mean absence of deafferentation. Hear Res 222(1-2):108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.09.003
Weisz N, Muller S, Schlee W, Dohrmann K, Hartmann T, Elbert T (2007) The neural code of auditory phantom perception. J Neurosci 27(6):1479–1484. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17287523
Whittington MA, Traub RD, Adams NE (2018) A future for neuronal oscillation research. Brain Neurosci Adv 2:2398212818794827. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212818794827
Wichova H, Alvi SA, Shew M, Lin J, Sale K, Larsen C, Staecker H (2018) Tinnitus perception in patients after vagal nerve stimulator implantation for epilepsy. Am J Otolaryngol 39(5):599–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2018.07.009
Witkowski M, Garcia-Cossio E, Chander BS, Braun C, Birbaumer N, Robinson SE, Soekadar SR (2015) Mapping entrained brain oscillations during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Neuroimage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.024
Ylikoski J, Lehtimaki J, Pirvola U, Makitie A, Aarnisalo A, Hyvarinen P, Ylikoski M (2017) Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic preponderance in patients with tinnitus. Acta Otolaryngol 137(4):426–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2016.1269197
Yokley BH, Hartman M, Slusher BS (2017) Role of academic drug discovery in the quest for new CNS therapeutics. ACS Chem Nerosci 8(3):429–431. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00040
Yuan T, Yadollahpour A, Salgado-Ramirez J, Robles-Camarillo D, Ortega-Palacios R (2018) Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: a review of clinical trials and mechanisms of action. BMC Neurosci 19(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-018-0467-3
Yue L, Xiao-lin H, Tao S (2009) The effects of chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in rat brain. Brain Res 1260:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.009
Zaehle T, Rach S, Herrmann CS (2010) Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human EEG. PLoS One 5(11):e13766. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013766
Zaehle T, Beretta M, Jancke L, Herrmann CS, Sandmann P (2011) Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence. Exp Brain Res 215(2):135–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5
Zaghi S, Acar M, Hultgren B, Boggio PS, Fregni F (2010a) Noninvasive brain stimulation with low-intensity electrical currents: putative mechanisms of action for direct and alternating current stimulation. Neuroscientist 16(3):285–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858409336227
Zaghi S, de Freitas Rezende L, de Oliveira LM, El-Nazer R, Menning S, Tadini L, Fregni F (2010b) Inhibition of motor cortex excitability with 15Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Neurosci Lett 479(3):211–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.060
Zago S, Ferrucci R, Fregni F, Priori A (2008) Bartholow, Sciamanna, Alberti: pioneers in the electrical stimulation of the exposed human cerebral cortex. Neuroscientist 14(5):521–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858407311101
Zeman F, Koller M, Figueiredo R, Aazevedo A, Rates M, Coelho C et al (2011) Tinnitus handicap inventory for evaluating treatment effects: which changes are clinically relevant? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 145(2):282–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599811403882
Zhang K, Guo L, Zhang J, Rui G, An G, Zhou Y et al (2020) tDCS accelerates the rehabilitation of MCAO-induced motor function deficits via neurogenesis modulated by the notch1 signaling pathway. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 34(7):640–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968320925474
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
De Ridder, D., Adhia, D., Langguth, B. (2021). Tinnitus and Brain Stimulation. In: Searchfield, G.D., Zhang, J. (eds) The Behavioral Neuroscience of Tinnitus. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 51. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_219
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_219
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85502-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85503-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)