The method of turbulent transformation of energy

Currently, new methods of energy transformation are of interest. The results of the researches in the directions of anisotropic transformation of electric energy show that the existing devices are characterized by a small coefficient of transformation. This is primarily due to the use of unipolar anisotropic materials and the appearance, as a result, in their volumes the electric vortices that are characterized by a laminar flow. This article proposes a new method of energy transformation, which is carried out by means of vortices with turbulent character of flow. According to our studies, such vortices appear in devices working on the basis of bipolar anisotropic materials. Depending on the characteristics of such material, they can be used as generators of electricity, heat, and cold. Their work is based on the transformation of the electric current by the bipolar anisotropic electric conductive medium and their further interaction with the external energy environment. These anisotropic materials in selected crystallographic directions are characterized by different p‐ and n‐types of conductivity providing the presence of ohmic contact between the layers. The leakage of the external electrical current of the sinusoidal form through this rectangular plate causes the appearance in its volume the electric current vortices with turbulent character of the current. For the first time it is shown that such a method of energy transformation is an effective mechanism that transfers energy between the external environment and the anisotropic plate.


INTRODUCTION
In Ashcheulov et al. 1 for the first time, the possibility of the transformation effect in anisotropic electrically conductive unipolar media was shown. In this case, the device called anisotropic electroohmic transformer is a rectangular plate of length a, height b and width c, made of anisotropic single-crystal or layered electrically conductive materials, characterized by linear volt-ampere characteristics. The selected crystallographic axes of anisotropic material 1 and 2, having the values of electrical conductivity 11 and 22 , which are unipolar in sign, are located in the plane of lateral faces a × b of the plate, one of them being oriented at an angle . On the end faces b × c and the upper and lower face a × c of this plate are the input and output electrical wires, respectively. In the case of sinusoidal alternating electric current flowing through the end contacts 4 and 5 of the electric current J in , the electric current J out flows through the output contacts 6, 7, and the transformation coefficient m of such a device ( Figure 1) is represented by the following expression where p is transformation coefficient of plate material, f = a/b is its form factor. In so doing, the optimal value of slope angle is found from the relationship where K = 11 / 22 is anisotropy coefficient of plate material. Since in the case under study the condition y is satisfied, an electric current arises in the volume of this anisotropic plate, which is characterized by a laminar flow. 2 The studies have shown that in the case under study the value of transformation coefficient does not exceed 1 (m ≤ 1). For the cases of both 0 < K < 1 and 1 < K < ∞. In the case of K = 1, n = 0.
The method of transformation considered in References 1,3 is significantly different from the existing ones and has a number of relevant advantages and disadvantages.
Creation from this material of a rectangular plate with dimensions a × b × c (a ≈ c ≫ b) whose main crystallographic axes OH and OY are arranged in the plane of its lateral surface a × b, and one of these axes is located at an angle to the edge a (0 < < 90 • ) (Figure 2), allows us to represent tensor̂as follows 5 : which is characterized by the presence of both longitudinal ( ∥ ) and transverse ( ⊥ ) components doing, the transformation coefficient m 1 of the device based on the above rectangular plate is given by Numerical estimates show that under a ≈ c ≫ b the boundary conditions on the end b × c and lateral a × b faces can be ignored. 2 Investigation of function for extremum demonstrates that function extremum points are absent. This allows one to vary the value of the coefficient m of this device in a wide range by selecting the appropriate angle . This possibility is shown in Figure 3 for four anisotropic electrically conductive bipolar materials with anisotropy coefficients 0.75, 10, 50, and 100. From this plot it follows that there is always the possibility of selecting the angle α for a given m with the required value and sign.
For the angle = 45 • the expression (7) acquires the following form Analysis of these functions shows that the value of coefficient |m| > 1 allows making a conclusion on the energy interaction between the value of anisotropic plate 1 and the external medium. 6 Thus, the use of anisotropic electrically conductive bipolar material leads to a much higher value of transformation coefficient m than in the case of unipolar anisotropic electrically conductive materials ( Figure 4). The explanation of this phenomenon can be presented using the concepts of vortex electrodynamics. If an external electric current of a sinusoidal shape is passed through the plate, then electric current vortices appear in its volume, which are characterized by a turbulent flow. 7,8 In our case, similarly to References 9,10, the change in the nature of a vortex with a laminar flow to a turbulent one is due to the reorientation of the directions of the corresponding components of the electric current and field vectors. In this case, the longitudinal component of the electric current and field vector is located parallel to the crystallographic direction of the second selected crystallographic axis. In so doing, the direction of the electric current is parallel to the direction of the electric field.
The flow of input electric current through the end contacts J in causes an electric current J out to appear at the output contacts.
In this case, the vortex of electric current according to References 11,12 is as follows: where = F ( 11 , 22 , a, b, c, ) is the circular frequency of rotation of the electric vortex, the signs « + » and «-» denote the direction of its rotation. Such electric vortices are an efficient mechanism of pumping energy between the external medium and, in our case, the volume of the anisotropic electrically conductive alternating bipolar plate.
The presented mechanism of energy interaction has a good outlook for modern science and technology.

POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF THE PROPOSED METHOD OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
In the general case, the choice of a specific design of the anisotropic device is determined by both the purpose and functional features, and the conditions of its operation.
In all possible designs of this device the basis is a rectangular plate 1 of anisotropic material which in the selected crystallographic axes Oh and Ou is characterized by rand n-types of conductivity, respectively. When using artificial anisotropic electrically conductive material, it will be an alternating layered structure based on the layers of electrically conductive material 1 with thickness 1 and electrically conductive material 2 with thickness 2 . The method of calculating this structure and its optimization is similar to the method described in Reference 13.
Selecting the appropriate value of the anisotropy coefficient of layers 1 and 2 of this plate, as well as its geometrical dimensions makes it possible to create the required instruments and devices with respective parameters. Consider the designs of specific devices based on the above anisotropic plates.

ANISOTROPIC ELECTROOHMIC GENERATOR (AEG)
In this case, the converter is AEG which is based on a rectangular anisotropic plate characterized by the positive value of transformation coefficient m (1 < K < ∞) and the orientation of crystallographic axis 11 at certain selected angle . The schematic design of such a generator is represented in Figure 5, consisting of: plate 1; electrical insulating layer 2 and electrically conductive layer 3; input electrical wires 4, 5 connected to external source of electric energy created F I G U R E 5 Schematic representation of the construction of a bipolar anisotropic electroohmic generator. 1 -Plate of anisotropic electrically conductive material; 2 -Electrical insulating layers; 3 -Electrically conductive layers; 4, 5 -Input electrical wires; 6, 7 -Output electrical wires by the master generator; output electrical wires 6, 7 to which the external load is connected, with resistance Z. W + − the energy of the external environment during the additional half-cycle of the voltage sets the generator G, W − -the energy of the external environment during the negative half-cycle.
When some power P(t) = P 0 sin ( 1 t) is supplied in the form of a master generator to the AEG input, electric vortices with turbulent flow appear in the volume of plate 1, which then interact with the external medium. This leads to origination of energy flows directed from this medium to the volume of the plate which is converted into electrical. This results in the appearance on the output electrical wires 6, 7 of some electrical power P out , which is represented as follows: Thus, right-hand rotation of electric vortices with turbulent flow determines the possibility of operation of the plate in the mode of electricity generation. Where 1 is the frequency of the electric vortex which is determined by the master generator.
The efficiency 1 in this case is as follows: where P 1 ∕P 2 are powers released in the bulk of both the plate and the external load of resistance Z, respectively. Maximum value of electrical power R max which can be generated by AEG is determined as follows: where M = a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d is the weight of the plate; d is the density of its material; s is specific heat of material; T 0 is ambient temperature; T max is boundary operating temperature of plate 1 material. Numerical estimates show that the efficiency value of the proposed device is within 0.5÷0.99. It should be noted that under certain conditions the AEG under study can also actively function in the mode of thermal power generation.

ANISOTROPIC ELECTROOHMIC HEATER (AEH)
A feature of this heater in comparison with the generator is the increased values of the internal resistance of the plate. The schematic design of such AEN (Figure 6) is similar to the design of the above AEG with the difference that the resistance R = 0.

ANISOTROPIC ELECTROOHMIC COOLER (AEC)
Unlike AEG and AEH, the design of AEC consists of anisotropic rectangular plate 1 and electrical wires 4, 5 ( Figure 7). The anisotropy of electrical conductivity of the materials of plate 1 is selected with the coefficient 0 < K < 1.
In this case, the application to the contacts 4, 5 of the generator power leads to the occurrence in its volume of turbulent vortices of electric current with left-hand rotation. This leads to a decrease in the internal energy of the anisotropic plate, which ultimately leads to a corresponding decrease in the temperature T of the plate.
With a positive half-cycle of power supplied to the input of such a device, part of its internal energy is absorbed by the external medium through one of the lateral faces (a × b), with a negative half-cycle -through the opposite lateral face (a × b).
In this case, cooling capacity Q is determined as follows 14 : and temperature difference ΔT between the external medium and the anisotropic device, which is achieved by the adiabatic isolation of the faces of the plate where q los are losses due to cooling of electrically conductive and metal layers on the upper and lower faces of the converter, s is heat capacity, M is its weight. The efficiency of the analyzed cooling process is represented by the classical expression: where T 1 is ambient temperature, T 2 is anisotropic plate temperature which is achieved on cooling.
It should be noted that as materials for the plate it is possible to use both semiconductors with a narrow energy gap, semiconductors of p-and n-type conductivity, semimetals and metals of appropriate conductivity.
The results of the studies show the prospects for using this device as highly efficient cooling elements. This method allows for efficient utilization and accumulation of thermal energy released by specific objects, various instruments and devices, pumping it into the external medium.

MATERIALS
To create suggested devices (Figures 5, 6, and 7) already known as bipolar materials, for example, layer graphite received by the thermal schedule of liquid carbohydrates by the subsequent deposition of their pairs in the gravitational chamber can be used. This material will be characterized by the conversion factor m = 1, 5÷4. 14,15 also known materials on the basis of directed-crystallized bare ewtetic A II B V -MeSb, where A II B V -CdSb, ZnAs 2 , Me-Ni, Cr, Co, Fe and other elements of the transition group of the Mendeleyev table. 16,17 The coefficient of transformation m of these materials will be within the limits of 0,4÷0,8. The first material can be used for the electric power generator, and the second group of materials for the production of the cold generators. It should be noted that for further increase of the coefficient of transformation m is observed at application of artificial-anisotropic bipolar electroconducting materials on the basis of half-conductors with narrow width of their forbidden zone, half-metals and metals also corresponding p-and n-conductivity. 18

PERSPECTIVES OF USE
The considered method and devices on its basis can be used as independent electric power generators in existing communication facilities, personal computers, where generators are placed on internal surfaces of their back walls. Various techniques: Medical, domestic, transport and especially space and many other directions of human activity science. Numerous calculations and assessments show that its application will significantly improve economic, environmental and social indicators.

CONCLUSIONS
The original method of energy transformation with the help of electric vortices with turbulent character of the flow is proposed. Its analysis showed that in the case of 0 < K < 1 turbulent vortices reduce the internal energy of the anisotropic device (cooling mode), and in the case of 1 < K < ∞ -increase (modes of electricity generation and heat generation). The use of bipolar anisotropic electric conductive materials with different coefficient rates leads to the emergence of new ecological and autonomous energy sources.