Spatial differentiation characteristics of the Hemiptera insects in China

Abstract The Hemiptera insects are the largest incomplete metamorphosis insect group in Insecta and play a vital role in ecosystems and biodiversity. Previous studies on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects mainly focused on a specific region and insect, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China (national scale), and further clarified the dominant factors affecting their spatial distribution. We used spatial autocorrelation analysis, hot spot analysis, and standard ellipse to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China. Furthermore, we used geographic detectors to identify the main factors affecting their spatial distribution under China's six agricultural natural divisions and explore the influencing mechanism of dominant factors. The results show that: (i) The spatial differentiation characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China are significant, and their distribution has obvious spatial agglomeration. The Hu Huanyong Line is an important dividing line for the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China. From the city scale, the HH type (high‐high cluster) is mainly distributed on both sides of the Hu Huanyong Line. (ii) The hot spots of Hemiptera insects are mainly distributed in southwest China, along the Qinling Mountains, the western side of the Wuyi Mountains, the Yinshan Mountains, the Liupanshan Mountains, the Xuefeng Mountains, the Nanling Mountains, and other mountainous areas. (iii) Under agricultural natural divisions, the influence of natural environmental factors on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects is obviously different. Temperature and precipitation are the dominant factors. Natural factors and socio‐economic factors have formed a positive reinforcement interaction mode on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects. These can provide the decision‐making basis for biodiversity conservation and efficient pest control.


| INTRODUC TI ON
Insects are important biological resources, which play an important role in protecting biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance and human development (Misof et al., 2014;Ouyang et al., 2019;Yang & Gratton, 2014).In recent years, the biodiversity of insects has been severely threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, biological invasion, climate change, and other factors (Stork, 2018;Wagner, 2019).
Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution pattern of insects is of great significance for biodiversity conservation.Hemiptera is the largest incomplete insect group in Insecta, with more than 100,000 known species and more than 11,000 species recorded in China (Li et al., 2017;Shen et al., 2015;Stork, 2018).Many Hemiptera insects are phytophagous insects with a wide range of hosts and are important agricultural and forestry pests (Forero, 2008).Its persistent transmission of plant viruses can lead to the outbreak of plant virus diseases (Wang et al., 2022).In recent years, the research on the macroscale of Hemiptera insects has attracted much attention (Li, Li, et al., 2021;Li, Liu, et al., 2021;Li, Zheng, & Wang, 2021).However, its spatial distribution characteristics such as spatial agglomeration and distribution trend at the national scale need further study.
Species biodiversity and its influencing factors at the provincial and larger macro spatial scales is one of the key and difficult points in biogeography and ecology (Liu & Tang, 2017).The geographical distribution of the species plays a key role in its formation and development (Pennisi, 2005).Studying the species' spatial distribution in large-scale patterns is helpful in understanding the status of biological diversity and is of great significance for species protection and rational use (Zhang et al., 2022).Insects are the most prosperous animals (Tihelka et al., 2021), and the research on the insect distribution pattern on large geographical scale has attracted more and more attention (Li & Huang, 2022).Spatial statistical analysis is widely used in the field of entomology, which provides a new way to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of insect populations.For example, the descriptive study on geographical spatial distribution of insects (Liu et al., 2009), the distribution of insect faunal components (Ma et al., 2009), insect habitat risk assessment and potential distribution prediction (Zhao et al., 2019), and geographical study on insect biological characters (Peng et al., 2017).However, the existing research on the distribution of Hemiptera insects mainly focuses on special areas and specific species, and it is relatively a weak field to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera multigroup insects such as distribution agglomeration area, hot spot area, and distribution pattern on a large scale (Wei et al., 2016;Zhao et al., 2020).These are of great significance for understanding insect biodiversity status and protection.
In this study, we focus on the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects at provincial and municipal scales in

| Data sources
Hemiptera insect data: The data were derived from two aspects.

One is the diversity and geographical distribution dataset of Chinese
Hemiptera insect published by Biodiversity Science in 2021 (Li, Li, et al., 2021;Li, Liu, et al., 2021;Li, Zheng, & Wang, 2021).Another is the survey data of major invasive species dynamic distribution and resource library construction projects from China's National Key

Research and Development Program.
Map data: The analysis map data (1: 1 million vector data) was derived from the National Geomatics Center of China (http:// www.ngcc.cn/ ngcc/ ).The output map data used the standard map of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China (http:// bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/ ).
The map approval number of the provincial scale was GS(2019)1697, with a ratio of 1:60,000,000, and the map approval number of the municipal scale was GS(2016)1585, with a ratio of 1:60,000,000.
Eco-geographical regionalization data: China's climate is complex and diverse.The famous geographer Zheng Du divided China's ecological geography into 48 sub-regions, and related resources are published in Geographic Atlas of China (Wang & Zuo, 2010).The differences in each sub-region are reflected in temperature, dry humidity, natural vegetation, and so on.Studying Hemiptera insects from the perspective of eco-geographical divisions can better reveal the characteristics of regional differences.The data were from the Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (https:// www.resdc.cn/ Defau lt.aspx).
Climate conditions (such as temperature, precipitation, and accumulated temperature) are important in influencing ecological types, and exerting a significant impact on the spatial patterns of species richness (Quintero & Jetz, 2018).Differences in insect biomass and richness highly depend on the environment (Uhler et al., 2021), and insects are poikilothermic animals and their capacity, and endosymbiotic bacteria of insects (Ma & Ma, 2016;Xin et al., 2019).Additionally, agricultural intensification is considered a major driver of insect reduction, with studies indicating that it is rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity (Klink et al., 2020;Newbold et al., 2015).Furthermore, insects possess dispersal and migration abilities and are influenced by natural environments, hosts, and human activities (Chen & Ma, 2010).Based on the biological characteristics and habitat requirements of Hemiptera insects, we chose climate conditions, land use, and socio-economic factors as the three major categories of environmental factors.

| Spatial autocorrelation analysis
Spatial autocorrelation is a statistical method used to measure the distribution characteristics and interrelationships of spatial data.
There may be some dependency or similarity between data values at locations that are adjacent or close to each other in space, and this dependency or similarity will weaken or disappear with increasing distance.Spatial autocorrelation can be divided into two types: global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation, which are used to describe the spatial distribution pattern of the whole research area and the spatial heterogeneity of the local area, respectively (Cao, 2015).Spatial autocorrelation coefficient is the basic measure of spatial autocorrelation analysis, which is used to measure the aggregation in spatial units (Getis & Aldstadt, 2004).According to the scope of research objects, it can be divided into global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation (Li, Li, et al., 2021;Li, Liu, et al., 2021;Li, Zheng, & Wang, 2021).In this study, the global spatial autocorrelation analysis is used to clarify the spatial distribution of Hemipteran insects in the whole study area, and the local spatial autocorrelation analysis is used to judge the aggregation of Hemipteran insects in a small area.The combination of the global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis can better reflect the spatial distribution and spatial correlation of Hemipteran insects from the large spatial scale and the small-medium spatial scale.

(i) The global spatial autocorrelation
The Global Moran's I index, the Global Getis's C coefficient, and the Global Getis's G coefficient are the commonly used global spatial autocorrelation indicators (Li et al., 2016).The Global Moran's I index is the most widely used and can well reflect the distribution pattern between spatial objects (Li, Li, et al., 2021, Li, Liu, et al., 2021, Li, Zheng, & Wang, 2021).The calculation formula is as follows (Cliff & Ord, 1981): In the formula, "n" represents the number of spatial units (such as province or city)."w ij " is a weight matrix element to measure the spatial relationship of Hemiptera insects, which is used to reflect the correlation of the spatial position of Hemiptera insects.If the study areas are adjacent, w ij = 1, otherwise w ij = 0. "x i " is the number of Hemiptera insects in the region numbered "i"."x" represents the average number of Hemiptera insects.The value range of Moran's (1) In the formula, "n" represents the number of spatial units (such as province or city)."w ij " is a weight matrix element to measure the Hemiptera insect spatial relationship."y j " is the Hemiptera insect number in the region numbered j. "ȳ" represents the average number of Hemiptera insects.The test method for the Local Moran's I coefficient is the same as Equation (2).

Hot spot analysis
Hot spot analysis is a method of the local spatial autocorrelation analysis to identify the local region clustering characteristics (hot or cold spots) (Nikitopoulos et al., 2018).In this study, we used the Getis-Ord Gi index and the calculation formula (Cliff & Ord, 1981) is as follows: In the formula, "n" represents the number of spatial units (such as province or city)."x j " represents the Hemiptera insect number in the region numbered j. "w ij " is a weight matrix element to measure the spatial relationship of Hemiptera insects.If "Z (Gi)" is positive and significant, it indicates that the number of the Hemiptera insects around the study area is large and the area is a hot spot area, otherwise, it is a cold spot area.Hot spot analysis can better reflect the high-value and low-value agglomeration effects of the Hemiptera insects in a certain area.

| Standard deviation ellipse
The standard deviation ellipse is a classical algorithm for spatial statistical analysis proposed by American scholar Lefever (1926), which can better measure the direction and distribution characteristics of the data.It can effectively reveal the overall geographical elements' spatial distribution through the center point, semi-major axis, and semi-minor axis (Xiong et al., 2018).In this study, the the value, the more concentrated the spatial distribution (Li, Li, et al., 2021;Li, Liu, et al., 2021;Li, Zheng, & Wang, 2021).The standard deviation ellipse algorithm can reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects from multiple angles.We used the first level of standard deviation as a parameter; 63% of the data can be included.

| Geographical detector
We used the geo-detector to analyze the characteristic factors affecting the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China based on six major agricultural natural divisions.Species have latitude gradient diversity (Perez et al., 2016).China has a vast territory, spanning nearly 50 latitudes from north to south.Bingwei Huang (1959) divided

| Spatial agglomeration and spatial trend of the Hemiptera insects
For the global spatial autocorrelation, the Global Moran's I index of the Hemiptera insects on the provincial scale was 0.381, and the Z-score was 2.07.The Global Moran's I index on the municipal scale was 0.12, and the Z-score was 1.97, which was statistically significant (p < .05).It shows that the Hemiptera insects have positive

| Hot spot analysis of the Hemiptera insects
According to the value and significance level of the Getis-Ord Gi index, the Hemiptera insects distribution area was divided into five categories by the natural breaks (Jenks) method in ArcGIS 10.1: The first-level hot spot area (hot spot high concentration area), the second-level hot spot area (hot spot low concentration area), the ran-

| Ecological geographical division of the Hemiptera insects
We made the Hemiptera insects' eco-geographical division in China, as shown in Figure 3.The description of the region code in Figure 3 is shown in the Table 1.The spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects has significant spatial differences in 48 ecological geographical divisions, showing a basic pattern of high in the south and low in the north, and high in the east and low in the west.Its center is located in the Guizhou Plateau.The top 10 eco-geographical divisions with high proportion of the Hemiptera insects are as follows: the Jiangnan and Nanling Mountains (18.59%), the Fujian-Guangdong-Guangxi Hilly Plain (7.29%), the Yunnan Plateau (6.94%), the Guizhou Plateau (6.55%), the Valley Hills in Southern Yunnan (6.01%), the North China Plain (5.41%), the Hanzhong Basin (4.47%), the Sichuan Basin (4.06%), the Qionglei Mountain and Hills (3.97%), and the Eastern Mountains of the Northeast China (3.76%).The areas with less distribution of the Hemiptera insects are the Southwestern Songliao Plain (0.06%), the Northern Kunlun Mountains (0.06%), the Qaidam Basin (0.05%), the Ali Mountains (0.02%), the Qiangtang Plateau Lake Basin (0.01%), and the Kunlun Alpine Plateau (0.01%).
According to the distribution characteristics, zoning and grading management can be implemented in a targeted manner, which has practical significance for the high-quality protection and resources sustainable utilization of the Hemiptera insect biodiversity, and is conducive to the efficient prevention and control of pests.

| Geo-detector results analysis
We used the natural fracture method for discretization and divided the 11 impact factors into 10 levels.Furthermore, we used  3.
The interaction between the two factors has an enhancement effect on the Hemiptera insects' spatial distribution.X1&X4, X1&X7, X3&X4, and X4&X7 showed two-factor enhancement (the two factors' interaction is greater than single factor) and the other interactions showed nonlinear enhancement (the two factors' interaction is greater than the two factors' sum effect).It shows that the different factors' interaction will greatly enhance the interpretation of the Hemiptera insects' spatial distribution.For example, the PR value reached 0.68 after the interaction of X2 and X4, and the PR value reached 0.6 after the interaction of X4 and X9.The interactive detection results of agricultural natural zoning are consistent with the national scale; the driving force of the two-factor effect is much higher than that of the single factor.Therefore, the Hemiptera insects' spatial distribution in China is affected by multiple factors.

F I G U R E 3
The spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects based on the ecogeographical division.

| Mountains are hot spots region for the Hemiptera insects
In this study, we used spatial statistical analysis methods and geodetector tools to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China.In general, the spatial differentiation of Hemiptera insects is remarkable, showing a basic pattern of high in the southwest-northeast, high in the east, and low in the west.
This is basically consistent with the importance pattern of biodiversity conservation in China (Wu & Meng, 2022), and there is a high degree of consistency with the spatial distribution of national key ecological function reserves and national parks.
Mountains are closely related to biodiversity (Liu et al., 2009;Tang et al., 2006), and are the hot spots and cradles of biodiversity (Quintero & Jetz, 2018).The role of mountains in affecting biodiversity is multifaceted, far-reaching, and often indirect (Perrigo et al., 2020).Due to the combined effects of elevation and hydrothermal conditions, the species abundance in mountainous areas is significantly higher than that in plain areas (Zhang et al., 2022).Comparing the major mountain chains (Wang et al., 2004), the spatial distribution hot spots of Other related studies also support this point (Li, Li, et al., 2021;Li, Liu, et al., 2021;Li, Zheng, & Wang, 2021).

| Environmental factors' effects on the spatial distribution pattern of Hemiptera insects
Insects are poikilothermic animals, and their growth and development are closely related to the environment.Temperature has a crucial impact on insect physiology, reproductive capacity, and symbiotic bacteria (Chen & Ma, 2010;Ma & Ma, 2016;Xin et al., 2019), and the impact of climate change is becoming increasingly important (Chen & Ma, 2010;Newbold et al., 2015).In this study, the detection results of the geo-detector model indicate that the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China is impacted by the interaction of temperature, precipitation, land use, and socio-economic factors.In relative terms, the natural environment is an important basis for the spatial distribution pattern of Hemiptera insects.The temperature seasonality, the isothermality, the annual mean temperature, and the annual precipitation are the dominant factors, which has an essential influence on the spatial distribution pattern of Hemiptera insects in China.Affected by hosts, land use has a key impact on insect biodiversity changes (Newbold et al., 2015).The results of geo-detector show that land use has a great influence on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in the mid-temperate, tropical, and Tibetan Plateau regions.Although it was not the dominant factor, the direct interaction between land use and other influencing factors is the most intense.Related studies also showed this point (Quintero & Jetz, 2018).
Insects have the ability to spread and migrate but are affected by the natural environment, hosts, and human activities (Chen & TA B L E 1 Description of the region code.

IA1
The Greater Khingan Mountains Ma , 2010).The results of the interaction detection show that the factors' influence on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects is not independent-it is a synergistic enhancement of nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement.In particular, the direct interaction between natural environmental factors and socioeconomic factors is stronger than the interaction within the same type.The interaction between natural and socio-economic factors has a significant positive strengthening effect on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects, indicating the complexity and diversity of the influencing factors on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects.The interaction between climate and mountains can form rich species diversity (Perrigo et al., 2020).In this study, the interactive detection results show that the interaction between climate and elevation factors has a significantly enhanced effect.
Species have latitudinal gradient diversity (Perez et al., 2016), and the spatial scale effect may have a key impact on the spatial stratification heterogeneity analysis (Song et al., 2020).The specific performance is that the factors that influence the spa-  et al., 2020;Perez et al., 2016).

| The Hu Huanyong line and the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects
The Hu Huanyong Line is an important demarcation line for the Hemiptera insects in China.For the municipal scale, the local spatial autocorrelation analyses show that there is an obvious spatial agglomeration among the Hemiptera insects.The HH type (highhigh cluster) is mainly distributed on both sides of the Hu Huanyong Line, representing the spatial distribution characteristics of high in southwest-northeast.It could be related to the fact that the Hu Huanyong Line is an important ecological transition zone in China.
The Hu Huanyong Line is an important dividing line between natural

TA B L E 2
The PR value of the factors affecting the Hemiptera insects' spatial distribution characteristics in China.
China.(i) We used spatial autocorrelation tools to analyze the global and local spatial distribution patterns of Hemiptera insects, to clarify their spatial agglomeration and the spatial distribution of hot and cold spots in China.(ii) We used the standard deviation ellipse method to analyze its spatial distribution trend.(iii) We used geographical detectors to analyze the driving factors affecting the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects.From the perspective of geographical science, the research comprehensively applied spatial statistics and geographic detectors to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects, analyzing the interactive effects of environmental factors on the spatial distribution pattern of Hemiptera insects.The study elucidated the complexity and diversity of factors influencing the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects.Simultaneously, considering the influence of spatial scale effects, this study analyzed the distribution of Hemiptera insects in different agricultural zones, proposing differentiated management strategies for various regions.The outcome of this study can be conducive to biodiversity conservation and efficient pest control.
growth and development are closely related to the environment.Temperature plays a pivotal role in the physiology, reproductive | 3 of 12 LI et al.
that there is a negative spatial correlation; the Hemiptera insects in adjacent areas have no spatial agglomeration.If the Moran's I coefficient is equal to 0, it means that there is no spatial correlation; the Hemiptera insects are randomly distributed.If the Moran's I coefficient is positive, it indicates that there is spatial aggregation, and the larger the Moran's I value, the more significant the spatial aggregation.For the Global Moran's I, the Z-score was used to test the significance of the spatial autocorrelation of Hemiptera insects.The formula is as follows:When the p-value is at the 5% significance level: if the Zscore greater than 1.96, it indicates that the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in the study area has a significant correlation and tend to spatial agglomeration; if the Z-score within [−1.96, 1.96], it indicates that the spatial distribution correlation of Hemiptera insects is weak; if the Z-score less than −1.96, it indicates that the Hemiptera insect spatial distribution tends to be dispersed.(ii) The local spatial autocorrelation In this study, we used the Local Moran's I coefficient to analyze the local spatial autocorrelation of Hemiptera insects.The formula is (Anselin, 1995): center point reflects the relative position of the Hemiptera insect spatial distribution in the study area, indicating the centroid of the Hemiptera insect spatial distribution.The semi-major axis reflects the Hemiptera insect data distribution direction in the study area.The semi-minor axis represents the Hemiptera insect data distribution range.When the values of semi-major axis and semiminor axis are oblateness, it can better reflect the spatial distribution pattern of Hemiptera insects in the study area; the larger China into 38 agricultural natural regions based on the classification of temperature zones and humidity levels.Most crops can only grow actively when the daily average temperature remains stable at or above 10°C.Therefore, the number of consecutive days with a daily average temperature above 10°C is typically referred to as the growing season.The sum of daily average temperatures within the growing season is known as accumulated temperature.The accumulated temperature of a region reflects its heat conditions.Based on the distribution of accumulated temperature, China is divided into five temperature zones and a special Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region.Different temperature zones exhibit variations in heat, duration of the growing season, agricultural practices, and crop types.According to the accumulative temperature, China is divided into six major agricultural natural divisions: tropics, subtropics, warm temperate, midtemperate, cold cap, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Huang, 1959).The cold cap has no distribution data for the Hemiptera insects.Geographical detector is a new model of spatial statistics.Assuming that Hemiptera insects in different spatial positions have consistent changes with their influencing factors, this factor has a significant effect on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects.We used the model to detect the driving factors affecting the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects.The model expression is as follows(Wang & Xu, 2017):In the formula, i = 1, 2, 3, …, L, it is the stratification of candidate factors.PR is the influence value of the factors on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects, and the value range is [0, 1].The larger the value, the greater the influence of the factors on the spatial distribution of invasive organisms.N i is the candidate factor layer numbered i, and 2 i and 2 are the variance of the candidate factors for layer i and the full layer, respectively.
Figure 1.For the provincial scale, the Hemiptera insects have a clear spatial agglomeration.The HH type (high-high cluster) is mainly distributed in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan group in Southwest China, showing a sheet distribution.The Hemiptera insect number in this area is generally large, showing a significant positive spatial correlation.The HL type (high-low outlier) is mainly distributed in Fujian Province, and the Hemiptera insect number in Fujian Province is significantly higher than that in the surrounding provinces.For the municipal scale, the Hemiptera insects also have an obvious spatial agglomeration.The HH type is mainly distributed on both sides of the Hu Huanyong Line.The HL type is mainly distributed along Zhejiang-Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Shandong, southern Jilin, and central Liaoning.In general, the Hemiptera insect spatial distribution distribution area, the second-level cold spot area (cold spot low concentration area), and the first-level cold spot area (cold spot high concentration area).The results are shown in Figure 2.For the provincial scale, the first-level hot spot areas include Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, and Hainan.The first-level cold spot areas include Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shandong.For the municipal scale, the first-level hot spot areas are mainly distributed in the southwest region, along the Qinling Mountains, the west side of the Wuyi Mountains, Yinshan, and other cities along the route.The first-level cold spot areas are mainly distributed on the southeast coast.F I G U R E 1 Local spatial distribution pattern of Hemiptera insects in China.
the geo-detector tool to detect the factors affecting the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects, and the PR values of factors are shown in Table 2.The results showed that the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China was affected by multiple natural and socio-economic environmental factors.The PR values of different F I G U R E 2 The spatial hot spot distribution of Hemiptera insects.| 7 of 12 LI et al. factors and the dominant factors of different agricultural natural divisions were significantly different.For the national scale, temperature seasonality (X4), isothermality (X3), annual precipitation (X7), and annual mean temperature (X1) have a great influence on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects-they are dominant factors.The dominant factors in the tropical region are mean diurnal range (X2), elevation (X9), isothermality (X3), max temperature of the warmest month (X5), and China's population spatial distribution kilometer grid dataset (X10).The dominant factors in the subtropical region are annual precipitation (X7), mean diurnal range (X2), isothermality (X3), temperature seasonality (X4), and China's population spatial distribution kilometer grid dataset (X10).Compared with the national scale and the tropical region, the natural and socio-economic factors influence in the subtropical region is relatively balanced, which is related to the fact that the region is the main population and economic agglomeration area in China.The dominant factors in the warm temperate region are max temperature of the warmest month (X5), annual precipitation (X7), and precipitation seasonality (X6).For the mid-temperate region, socio-economic factors have a greater impact on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects than natural environmental factors-the dominant factors are China's population spatial distribution kilometer grid dataset (X10), China's GDP (gross domestic product) spatial distribution kilometer grid dataset (X11), and land use (X8).Obviously, temperature has a vital influence on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects.To deeply explore the correlation between the driving factors of the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China, we used the interactive detection of the geo-detector to analyze the effects of the different factors' interaction on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects based on the national scale.The results are shown in Table Hemiptera insects in China are mainly in the southwestern region, coastal areas along the Qinling Mountains, the western side of the Wuyi Mountains, the Yinshan Mountains, the Liupan Shan, the Xuefeng Mountains, and the Nanling Mountains.For the ecological geographical zonation, the distribution center of the Hemiptera insects in China is located in the Guizhou Plateau.The Hemiptera insect number in the Jiangnan and Nanling Mountains, the Fujian-Guangdong-Guangxi Hilly Plain, the Yunnan Plateau, the Guizhou Plateau, the Valley Hills in Southern Yunnan, and the Eastern Mountains of Northeast China exceeded 51% of the total number of Hemiptera insects.This indicates that mountains are the hot distribution spots of Hemiptera insects in China, and mountainous areas are crucial for the Hemiptera insect diversity conservation.
tial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects are different in space.The partition detection results show that the influence of natural environment is obviously different among agricultural divisions such as tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, mid-temperate, and cold cap, while the socio-economic factors are relatively stable, and different factors form a unique interaction mode.In the tropics, elevation, mean diurnal range, and isothermality have high PR values, which are the dominant driving factors.In the warm temperate, the mid-temperate, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the PR values of factors are low.This may be due to the relatively stable temperature in the tropics.Tropical species are considered to be more sensitive to climate change than temperature species and have a narrower thermal niche (Newbold The description of factors is shown in "2.1 Data sources".Interactive detection of factors affecting the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China.The description of factors is shown in "2.1 Data sources."Light gray means two-factor enhancement, and the others are nonlinear enhancement.