http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-5207
Figures
Abstract
In plants, several cellular and metabolic pathways interact with each other to regulate processes that are vital for their growth and development. Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) are two main nutrients for plants and coordination of C and N pathways is an important factor for maintaining plant growth and development. In the present work, influence of nitrogen and sucrose (C source) on growth parameters and expression of genes involved in nitrogen transport and assimilatory pathways was studied in B. juncea seedlings. For this, B. juncea seedlings were treated with four combinations of C and N source viz., N source alone (-Suc+N), C source alone (+Suc-N), with N and C source (+Suc+N) or without N and C source (-Suc-N). Cotyledon size and shoot length were found to be increased in seedlings, when nitrogen alone was present in the medium. Distinct expression pattern of genes in both, root and shoot tissues was observed in response to exogenously supplied N and C. The presence or depletion of nitrogen alone in the medium leads to severe up- or down-regulation of key genes involved in N-uptake and transport (BjNRT1.1, BjNRT1.8) in root tissue and genes involved in nitrate reduction (BjNR1 and BjNR2) in shoot tissue. Moreover, expression of several genes, like BjAMT1.2, BjAMT2 and BjPK in root and two genes BjAMT2 and BjGS1.1 in shoot were found to be regulated only when C source was present in the medium. Majority of genes were found to respond in root and shoot tissues, when both C and N source were present in the medium, thus reflecting their importance as a signal in regulating expression of genes involved in N-uptake and assimilation. The present work provides insight into the regulation of genes of N-uptake and assimilatory pathway in B. juncea by interaction of both carbon and nitrogen.
Citation: Goel P, Bhuria M, Kaushal M, Singh AK (2016) Carbon: Nitrogen Interaction Regulates Expression of Genes Involved in N-Uptake and Assimilation in Brassica juncea L. PLoS ONE 11(9): e0163061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163061
Editor: Keqiang Wu, National Taiwan University, TAIWAN
Received: June 21, 2016; Accepted: September 1, 2016; Published: September 16, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Goel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Nitrogen (N) is one of the essential macronutrients for plants. The requirement of N in plants is higher as compared to other nutrients as it is important constituent of amino acids, RNA, DNA and chlorophyll [1]. The process of N-assimilation is tightly linked with carbon (C) assimilation [2]. The interaction between these two pathways is important for plant growth and development [3–5]. Plants have developed complex sensing and signalling mechanisms in order to adapt to change in environmental factors including nutrient availability. The C and N treatments can exert both, antagonistic and synergistic effects on plant at morphological (lateral root growth) and physiological (endogenous sugar, chlorophyll content) levels [6–7]. It has been also observed that C and N balance affects the plant phenotype [7]. The coordination between these two nutrients regulates various developmental and metabolic processes in plants.
In plants, the uptake of N (either nitrate or in ammonium form) takes place by specialized transporters present in roots [8]. The reduction of nitrate can take place in cytoplasm of both, root and shoot tissues. Once the nitrate is reduced into nitrite, its further reduction into ammonium takes place in chloroplast. The final incorporation of ammonium ions into amino acids also takes place in chloroplast. The process of carbon assimilation mainly occurs in leaves [9]. Thus, leaves are the site where both, N and C assimilation processes interact. The assimilated products of both C and N are then distributed to various plant parts to complete growth cycle [10]. The process of N assimilation, especially when nitrate is its main source is energetically costly process and requires large amount of ATP and C-skeleton produced from the carbon metabolic processes [11]. On the other hand, large amount of N is essential for plant photosynthetic machinery and also in CO2 assimilation. This reflects that proper coordination and interaction of both these pathways is critical for the plant growth and development (Fig 1).
The carbon metabolic pathway provides energy (ATP) and reducing potential NAD(P)H to nitrogen assimilation process. Moreover, the carbon skeleton part in amino acids also comes from 2-OG (2-oxoglutarate) of TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) cycle. Nitrate transporter (NRT), Ammonia transporter (AMT), Nitrate Reductase (NR), Nitrite Reductase (NiR), Glutamine Synthetase isoforms (GS1, GS2), Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT), Glutamate (Glu), Glutamine (Gln), 2-OG (2-Oxoglutarate), Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), Pyruvate kinase (PK), Oxaloacetic acid (OAA).
The C and N both can act as potent signalling molecules to regulate expression of several genes involved in N and C metabolism and photosynthesis etc. [12,4]. As a signal, nitrate not only regulates the expression of nitrate related genes [13], but also regulates expression of carbon metabolizing genes [14]. Addition of nitrate in N depleted plants leads to the direct induction of genes of glycolytic pathway (phosphoglycerate mutase and Glc-6-phosphate isomerase), pentose phosphate pathway, like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and genes of organic acid pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate kinase (PK) that provide C-skeleton to nitrate assimilation process for amino acid production [13–16]. Genes encoding for nitrate transporter, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were found to be induced in sugar depleted Arabidopsis, when supplied with exogenous sugar [17,18]. Sugar also induces the expression of NRT genes in Arabidopsis [19,20]. Moreover, reduction in sugar level leads to inhibition of nitrate assimilation in tobacco plants expressing antisense rubisco (RBCS) construct [21].
The C and N pathways interact and coordinate with each other in order to regulate the gene expression. Expression of several genes was found to be influenced by status of C and/or N nutrients [22,23]. Several microarray studies have been performed to identify the genes and pathways regulated by interaction between C and N signalling. Effect of glucose and inorganic nitrogen on Arabidopsis seedlings was studied using microarray, which revealed that glucose regulates several genes including those involved in nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism as compared to inorganic nitrogen [18]. Genome-wide microarray analysis of Arabidopsis seedlings in response to different C and N treatments has identified the involvement of several putative cis-elements in the promoter region of the genes for mediating C/N responsive gene expression [24]. Qualitative network modelling has been performed to identify networks and sub-networks that respond to C, N or CN in Arabidopsis root system [25]. The three genes, nitrate transporter (LIN1/NRT2.1), glutamate receptor (GLR1.1) and a methytransferase named Oversensitive to sugar 1(OSU1) were found to be involved in CN signalling in Arabidopsis [26–28].
Economic importance of B. juncea as an oilseed crop is well known. Effect of elevated CO2 and moisture stress on C/N distribution was studied in B. juncea and showed that nitrogen content was reduced in plants under these growth conditions [29]. However, another study showed that addition of N is crucial for growth of B. juncea under elevated CO2 conditions [30]. Recently, the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on C/N metabolism was studied in B. juncea [31]. This study showed that activities of several C-metabolizing enzymes (phosphophenol-pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase etc.) and N-metabolizing enzymes (glutamine synthetase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase etc.) were higher at elevated CO2 and combined treatment of elevated CO2 and temperature. However, no study has been performed to assess the effect of various C/N treatments on growth and transcriptional response of various C/N pathway genes in B. juncea. Therefore, the present work was performed to study the effect of C/N availability on seedling growth and also to identify genes of N and C pathways that are differentially regulated by either C/N independently or by interaction of both of these nutrients in root and shoot tissues, separately. We have studied various parameters, including root and shoot fresh weight and dry weight, root length, shoot length, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content under different availabilities of C and N source in the medium. Our results showed that C as a signal also plays an important role in regulating expression of genes of N-uptake and assimilatory pathway in both root and shoot tissues. In addition, we have identified several genes of N-uptake and assimilation pathway that are regulated by the interaction of C and N and thus may have an important role in C/N signalling pathway in B. juncea. Our study provides the molecular basis to the fact that coordination between C and N is important for plant growth and development.
Materials and Methods
Plant material and measurements of growth parameters
Healthy seeds of B. juncea cv. Varuna were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol for 2–3 minutes and then washed with autoclaved distilled water for 2–3 times. To study seedling growth and development, the seeds of B. juncea were germinated on modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) [32] with different availabilities of C (0% or 3% sucrose) and N source (0 mM or 1 mM KNO3/1 mM NH4NO3). In first condition, the medium was devoid of both C and N source (-Suc-N), in second condition, only C source and no N source was provided in medium or vice versa (+Suc-N or -Suc+N) and in third case, both carbon and nitrogen sources were present in the medium (+Suc+N). The seedlings were grown on appropriate medium in petriplates in culture room at 16h/8h photoperiod of photon flux density 115 mmolm-2s-1 at 22±2°C with 50% relative humidity. Fresh weight and length of root and shoot were measured after 10d of treatment. For dry weight measurement, the root and shoot tissues were oven dried for 48h at 80°C and cooled down to room temperature. The experiment was performed in triplicate with nine seedlings under each treatment.
Chlorophyll content estimation
Chlorophyll was measured by the method given by Arnon [33]. The 100 mg of fresh plant material was extracted in 1 ml pre-chilled 80% acetone and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was transferred to the fresh tube and remaining residues were homogenised again with pre-chilled 80% acetone, centrifuged and supernatant was transferred to the tube. The procedure was repeated until the chlorophyll was extracted completely. The final volume was made to 5 ml with 80% acetone. The absorbance was measured at 645 nm and 663 nm wavelength.
The chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were calculated according to the Arnon equation:
Where, A: Absorbance at particular wavelength, V: Volume of extract, W: Fresh weight of plant tissue
Anthocyanin content estimation
Total anthocyanin content was determined by method of Mancinelli et al. [34] with some modifications. The 100 mg of homogenized material was extracted in 300 μl of 7% (v/v) hydrochloric acid in methanol. In the extract, 200 μl of deionised water was added and mixed well. Chloroform (500 μl) was added to each sample to make a final volume of 1000μl and centrifuged at high speed for 2 min. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube and 600 μl of 1% (v/v) HCl in methanol was added and then centrifuged. The absorbance was measured at 530 nm and 657 nm.
Gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR
To perform gene expression analysis, B. juncea seedlings were treated with various C/N concentrations as described by Oliveira and Coruzzi [23]. After emergence of true leaves, the seedlings were transferred to fresh MS media without any C and N source and acclimatized for 2d, thereafter seedlings were transferred to fresh MS media supplemented with or without sucrose and/or with or without N source as described above. After 8h of treatment, root and shoot tissues were harvested, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for future use.
Total RNA from 100 mg tissue was extracted using iRIS method [35] and checked on formaldehyde denaturing gel. The 3μg of total RNA was used for first strand cDNA synthesise using Revert-Aid H Minus Reverse Transcriptase kit (Thermo Scientific, USA). In our previous study, we have cloned genes of NRT1, NRT2, AMT, NR, NiR, GS, GOGAT, GDH and ASN family from B. juncea and their sequence were submitted to Genbank [36]. The two genes involved in carbon metabolic pathway namely, phosphophenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were also cloned and sequences were submitted to Genbank with accession no. KX352389 and KU214449, respectively. The primers for real-time PCR were designed using Primer Express software version 3.0.1. The details of gene specific primers used for the present study are shown in S1 Table. The qRT-PCR reactions were performed as described earlier [36]. In order to normalise the mRNA abundance, ubiquitin gene (Ubq9) was used as an internal control [37]. The qRT-PCR reactions were performed with three technical and three biological replicates. The relative expression value expressed as fold change was calculated according to 2(-delta delta CT) method [38]. The mean value of relative fold change was used to generate heat maps and to plot bar diagrams. Error bars in bar diagrams represent ± standard deviation. The genes with a fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5 (p-value <0.05) were considered as significantly up- or down-regulated.
Results
Effect of carbon and nitrogen on growth of B. juncea seedlings
To study the effect of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) on B. juncea, the seedlings were grown on four different modified MS mediums with different combinations of C and N availability (-Suc-N, +Suc-N, -Suc+N and +Suc+N) (S1 Fig). It has been observed that seedlings grown on only N source (-Suc+N) had higher cotyledon size and growth as compared to seedlings grown on C source alone (+Suc-N) (S1 Fig). In case of root tissue, slightly higher fresh weight was observed in +Suc-N medium as compared to rest of the conditions (Fig 2A). However, in case of shoot tissue, maximum fresh weight was observed in -Suc+N medium followed by +Suc+N medium, while shoot fresh weight was found to be similar in -Suc-N and +Suc-N medium (Fig 2B). The maximum root and shoot dry weight was observed in +Suc-N medium followed by +Suc+N and -Suc+N medium (Fig 2C and 2D). The root and shoot lengths were also found to be affected under different conditions (Fig 2E and 2F). The mean primary root length was found to be decreased from an average of 11 cm on -Suc-N and +Suc-N medium to 8 cm on -Suc+N and +Suc+N medium (Fig 2E). However, increase in average shoot length from 0.9 cm on -Suc-N medium to an average of 1.9 cm was observed on -Suc+N medium (Fig 2F). However, no significant difference was observed in total chlorophyll content in seedlings under different carbon and nitrogen availabilities (Fig 2G). Seedlings grown on -Suc-N and +Suc-N medium exhibited purple coloration in leaves. The levels of anthocyanin in seedlings grown on -Suc-N media and +Suc-N media were found to be higher than in seedlings grown on +Suc+N and -Suc+ N medium (Fig 2H).
The vertical bars represent the mean ±SD of three independent experiments (n = 3) with nine seedlings under each treatment. Different letters on the top of the bars indicate significant difference at a level of P<0.05 by ANOVA using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Effect of nitrogen alone on expression of genes
In order to study the effect of nitrogen source alone on the expression of genes involved in N-uptake and metabolism viz. genes encoding for low and high affinity nitrate transporters (NRT1 and NRT2), ammonium transporters (AMT), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and asparagine synthetase (ASN) and gene of organic acid metabolism viz. Pyruvate kinase (PK) and Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), we compared expression of genes in -Suc+N condition with -Suc-N condition. Root and shoot tissues showed differential expression pattern in response to exogenous application of nitrogen source (Fig 3A, S2A and S2B Fig, Table 1). The expression of thirteen genes in root (eight induced and five repressed) and eleven genes (all induced) in shoot tissue were significantly (P<0.05) modulated by nitrogen alone (Fig 4A, Table 1). The expression of majority of genes encoding nitrate transporters viz. BjNRT1.1, BjNRT1.7, BjNRT1.8, BjNRT2.1, and BjNRT2.7 was upregulated in presence of N source alone in root tissue (Fig 3A, S2A Fig, Table 1). Whereas, the expression of BjGS1.2, BjGS2, BjNADH-GOGAT and BjASN1 that are mainly involved in N assimilation was found to be either unaltered or downregulated in presence of N source in root tissue (Fig 3A, S2B Fig, Table 1). In case of shoot tissue, no significant downregulation in the expression of genes was observed. The expression of several genes, like BjNRT1.1, BjNRT1.7, BjNRT2.1, BjAMT1.1, BjAMT1.2, BjNR1, BjNR2, BjGDH1 and BjASN1 was found to be induced in presence of N source alone (Fig 3A, S2A and S2B Fig, Table 1). However, the expression of BjPK and BjPEPC gene was not significantly modulated in both root and shoot tissues in presence of nitrogen source alone.
The vertical bars indicate relative expression ratio where red, black and green represent up-regulation, no change and down-regulation in transcript levels, respectively.
Genes with a relative fold change ≥2 and ≤0.5 with respect to control conditions were considered as up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively.
The genes with relative fold change ≥2 and P-value <0.05 were considered as significantly upregulated and genes with relative fold change ≤0.5 and P-value <0.05 were considered as significantly downregulated.
Effect of nitrogen depletion on expression of genes
To further check the importance of nitrogen source in regulating gene expression, we analyzed the expression of genes when seedlings were grown on medium devoid of nitrogen source (+Suc-N) (Fig 3B, S2C and S2D Fig). For this, we have compared expression of genes in +Suc-N condition w.r.t +Suc+N condition. A total of nine genes in root tissue and eleven genes in shoot tissue were significantly (P<0.05) downregulated when nitrogen was absent in the medium (Fig 4B, Table 1). In root tissue, expression of BjNRT1.1, BjNRT1.5, BjNRT1.8, BjNRT2.1, BjAMT1.2, BjAMT2, BjNR2, BjGS1.1, BjGS2 was found to be downregulated, while expression of BjNRT1.2, BjNRT1.3, BjNRT1.7, BjAMT1.1 and BjGDH1 was found to be upregulated (Fig 3B, S2C and S2D Fig, Table 1). However, in case of shoot tissue, expression of most of the genes involved in nitrate reduction (BjNR1, BjNR2) and ammonium assimilation (BjGS1.1, BjGS1.2, BjFd-GOGAT, BjNADH-GOGAT) were found to be significantly downregulated (P<0.5) (Fig 3B, S2D Fig, Table 1). This showed that majority of N-assimilatory genes in shoot tissue were downregulated when grown in the media devoid of N source. The expression of BjPK in shoot tissue was found to be significantly downregulated under nitrogen depletion, however, the expression of BjPePC gene was found to be unchanged (Fig 3B, S2D Fig, Table 1).
Effect of sucrose alone on expression of genes
To study the effect of sucrose (carbon source) alone on the expression of genes involved in N-metabolism and organic acid metabolism, we compared the expression of genes in +Suc-N condition with -Suc-N condition. The expression pattern revealed that the expression of majority of genes of N-pathway was modulated under exogenous supply of sucrose (Fig 5A, S2E and S2F Fig, Table 1). The expression of sixteen genes in root (twelve induced and four repressed) and seven genes in shoot (four induced and three repressed) was significantly (P<0.05) modulated by sucrose alone (Fig 6A, Table 1). In root tissue, expression of several genes encoding for NRT (BjNRT1.1, BjNRT1.7, BjNRT1.8, BjNRT2.1, BjNRT2.7) and AMT transporters (BjAMT1.2, BjAMT2), nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase (BjNR1, BjNR2, BjNiR), cytosolic GS (BjGS2) and pyruvate kinase (BjPK) was significantly (p<0.05) upregulated and expression of BjGS1.1, BjFd-GOGAT, BjNADH-GOGAT was significantly (p<0.05) downregulated in presence of sucrose alone (Fig 5A, S2E and S2F Fig, Table 1). However, in shoot tissue, expression of four genes (BjNRT1.1, BjNRT2.1, BjNR2 and BjASN1) was significantly upregulated and four were significantly downregulated (BjNRT1.5, BjAMT2, BjGS1.1 and BjNADH-GOGAT) by sucrose alone (Fig 5A, Table 1). The expression of three genes (BjAMT1.2, BjAMT2 and BjPK) in root and two genes (BjAMT2, BjGS1.1) in shoot was specifically regulated only by presence of sucrose, whereas these genes showed no change in expression in presence of exogenously supplied nitrogen.
The vertical bars indicate relative expression ratio where red, black and green represent upregulation, no change and downregulation in transcript levels, respectively.
Genes with a relative fold change ≥2 and ≤0.5 with respect to control conditions were considered as up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively.
Regulation of gene expression by interaction of nitrogen and sucrose
Nitrogen and carbon interact with each other in order to regulate expression of various genes. We sought to identify those genes that are regulated by interaction of both, nitrogen and sucrose in the medium. For this, we have compared the condition +Suc+N with -Suc-N. The expression analysis showed that several genes of N-transport and assimilation pathways and genes involved in organic acid metabolism were regulated by interaction of both nitrogen and sucrose in the medium (Fig 5B, S2G and S2H Fig, Table 1). Expression of seventeen genes in root (thirteen induced and four repressed) and fifteen genes in shoot (eleven induced and four repressed) were found to be modulated when both nitrogen and sucrose were supplied in the medium (Fig 6B, Table 1). Expression of several genes, like BjGS1.2 and BjGDH1 in root and BjGS2, BjFd-GOGAT and BjPK in shoot was found to be significantly (P<0.05) upregulated only when both, sucrose and nitrogen source were present in the medium (Fig 5B, S2H Fig, Table 1). We have compared the expression pattern of all the genes in both root and shoot tissue in presence of N alone, Suc alone and when both are present in the medium and found that the expression of genes like, BjNRT1.1, BjNRT2.1, BjNR2, BjNiR in both root and shoot tissues were found to be modulated by sucrose and nitrogen alone and also when both are present together. In root tissue, the regulatory effect of nitrogen on expression of BjNRT1.4, BjAMT1.2, BjAMT2, BjFD-GOGAT, BjGDH1 and BjPK was found to be sucrose dependent. On the other hand, the regulatory effect of sucrose on many genes of nitrogen metabolism (BjNRT1.3, BjNRT1.4, BjNRT1.7, BjAMT1.2, BjNR1, BjNIR, BjGS1, BjGS2, BjFd-GOGAT and BjPK) in shoot was found to be nitrogen dependent.
Discussion
Growth of B. juncea seedlings is affected by carbon and nitrogen availabilities
Carbon and nitrogen are essential for plant’s overall development [7]. In the present study, the effect of C/N availabilities on the growth and development of B. juncea seedlings was analyzed. We found that growth of B. juncea seedlings was affected by both the nutrients. Nitrogen can exert significant effect on root and shoot growth, as its deficiency increase root surface area and decrease shoot growth, on the other hand nitrogen supply supports shoot growth [39–41]. In the present study, we have observed that nitrogen alone can exert a significant effect in determining cotyledon size and growth of B. juncea seedlings. The increase in anthocyanin content in B. juncea seedling under absence of both, carbon and nitrogen may be due to nutrient deficiency in plants, as anthocyanin is secondary metabolite and its accumulation was found to be induced under nutrient deficiency [42].
The carbon and nitrogen pathways are highly interconnected, where reductants and energy produced from carbohydrate metabolism are used by N-assimilatory enzymes to perform N assimilation in plants [5]. This interaction between carbon and nitrogen pathways has prompted us to investigate the effect of exogenous sucrose and nitrogen on the expression of genes involved in N-uptake and assimilation and also the regulation of gene expression by interaction of these two nutrients. For inorganic nitrogen source, we have provided nitrate and ammonium and for carbon source, sucrose was added in the medium. Our results showed that nitrogen and sucrose regulate expression of genes involved in N-uptake and assimilation. Moreover, our results showed that expression of several genes of N-pathway is also regulated by exogenous sucrose supply. Previously studies on Arabidopsis seedlings in response to carbon and nitrogen treatments has revealed the presence of CN responsive cis-elements named as a nitrogen dependent enhancers of carbon regulation (NDEs) in the promoter region of the genes that respond to carbon and nitrogen [24]. This present study has suggested that differential behaviour of several genes of N-uptake and assimilatory pathway in response to nitrogen or sucrose alone or in combination may be due to presence of different CN-responsive elements in the promoter regions of these genes.
Nitrogen and sucrose regulate genes of N-pathway in an organ dependent manner
The majority of genes in plant system respond to a particular environmental condition in an organ-dependent manner [43–44]. In our data, a distinct expression pattern of genes was observed in both root and shoot tissues in response to exogenously supplied nitrogen and/or carbon source. We have observed that exogenously supplied nitrogen alone can exert both, repressive and inductive effects in root tissue, whereas in case of shoot tissue only inductive effect of nitrogen was observed. In most of the plants, it has been observed that ammonium assimilation takes place directly in roots [45] and nitrate reduction takes place mainly in shoot tissue. However, a significant nitrate reduction/assimilation has been observed in nitrogen deprived Arabidopsis roots when transferred to nitrogen rich medium [46]. In present study, a strong upregulation in the expression of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase genes in root tissue was observed which might suggest that nitrate reduction also take place in roots of B. juncea. It is also well known that genes of N-metabolism are negatively regulated by downstream products of N-assimilation [47,48]. Therefore, repression of some of the genes in root tissue in presence of N may be due to some downstream metabolites produced from ammonium assimilation process. Several studies in Arabidopsis have shown increased root growth in presence of exogenously supplied sucrose [49,50]. We have observed that exogenous supply of sucrose leads to induction of majority of N-uptake and assimilatory genes in roots of B. juncea as compared to shoot tissue. Exogenous supply of sucrose was found to increase the plant root growth in Arabidopsis [49,50]. Moreover, absence of nitrogen source in the media also leads to change in root system architecture mainly by remobilising nitrogen from shoot to root [38]. Sucrose is the major photosynthetic product and it provides energy as well as carbon skeleton for amino acid biosynthesis. Moreover, several enzymes of nitrogen assimilation were also found to be induced in presence of sucrose [22,23,51]. Taken together, these observations indicate that the induction of genes of N-uptake and assimilation pathway in root tissue may help B. juncea in optimising root growth when sucrose alone is present in the media.
Transcriptional response of N-uptake and assimilatory genes and genes of organic acid pathway under nitrogen treatment
Nitrate and ammonium are two important nitrogen sources [52,53] and both can act as signal in order to regulate gene expression [46]. The present study has shown the importance of inorganic nitrogen source in regulating expression of genes involved in its uptake and assimilation. As nitrate is the main nitrogen source in most of the agricultural soils, a lot of microarray studies have been performed to understand the regulation of gene expression by nitrate in A. thaliana [13,14,16,54]. The ammonium has also been shown to influence gene expression in barley and rice [55,56]. In our data, the gene encoding dual-affinity nitrate transporter (NRT1.1) and enzyme nitrite reductase (NiR) showed strong upregulation by exogenously supplied nitrogen in root tissue. Whereas, in shoot tissue, BjNRT2.1 and BjGDH1 were found to be highly upregulated. Previous studies have shown upregulation in the expression of genes like nitrate transporter (NRT2.1), nitrate and nitrite reductase (NR1, NR2, NiR), glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) and asparagine synthetase (ASN2) by nitrate supply [13,14,18]. However, we have identified several other genes of N-uptake and assimilation that were strongly upregulated by exogenous nitrogen supply. The expression of some of the genes, like BjNRT1.7, BjNRT1.8, BjAMT1.1, BjAMT1.2, BjNR1 and BjGDH1 in shoot tissue was found to be induced in presence of nitrogen alone, while no change in expression was observed when sucrose alone was present. This reflects that regulation of these genes solely depends on inorganic nitrogen source. The importance of inorganic nitrogen in regulating N-uptake and assimilation process in B. juncea can also be observed by the fact that absence of inorganic nitrogen in the media leads to downregulation of the expression of key N-assimilatory genes in B. juncea.
Transcriptional response of N-uptake and assimilatory genes and genes of organic acid pathway under sucrose treatment
In plants, both sugars and inorganic nitrate are involved in adjusting nitrogen and carbon balance [57–59]. Sucrose is the most important carbohydrate synthesised and transported in the phloem of many plants [60,61]. Sucrose can act as signalling molecule in plants and it was found to regulate expression of several genes [62,63]. Coruzzi and Zhou [57] showed that carbon and nitrogen have matrix effect in plants which means that reduced carbon source leads to upregulation or downregulation of the genes of N- assimilation pathway, when present in abundance or scarce. Global transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis has revealed that exogenous glucose regulates genes of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid metabolism more profoundly than nitrogen [18]. Also the mRNA levels of NR, GS1, GS2 and ASN1 were found to be affected by sucrose treatment in Arabidopsis [22,23,51]. The present study has also revealed that sucrose alone can affect expression of several genes of N-uptake and assimilation pathway in both, root and shoot tissues in B. juncea. In plants, the uptake of nitrate is not only regulated by N status, but C metabolites produced from photosynthesis also regulate this process [19,64,65]. In present study, the expression of several genes involved in nitrate uptake (NRT1.1, NRT2.1) and its translocation (NRT1.7, NRT1.8) from root to shoot was found to be upregulated in presence of sucrose alone. Several studies in plants, like Arabidopsis, barley, citrus and maize have also shown induction of nitrate and ammonia transporters in presence of sucrose [66–68]. In Arabidopsis, the induction of genes involved in N-transport by sucrose is linked with oxidative pentose phosphate metabolism (OPPP) and cis-acting elements in the promoter region of some genes [69,70]. The induction of genes encoding for nitrate reductase (NR2 in both, root and shoot) and for nitrite reductase (NiR in root) in presence of sucrose alone in B. juncea was also observed, which may be due to the fact that the enzymes involved in nitrate reduction requires NADH and reduced ferredoxin that come from carbohydrate metabolism, addition of sucrose may in turn increase the supply of these reductants that may lead to induction of these genes.
Several genes of N-assimilation pathway and genes of organic acid metabolism are regulated by interaction of nitrogen and carbon
Microarray analysis of A. thaliana in response to carbon and nitrogen has revealed that plant metabolic processes were highly influenced by the interaction of carbon and nitrogen signalling pathways [24]. In addition, several studies on Arabidopsis and rice have revealed that both carbon and nitrogen interact with each other for regulating gene expression [25,70,71]. The expression of ASN1 and GLN2 in Arabidopsis was found to be reciprocally regulated by carbon (or light) and nitrogen [22,23]. The importance of carbon and nitrogen interaction in regulating gene expression in B. juncea can be observed by the fact that majority of N-uptake and assimilatory genes were found to respond when both of these nutrients were present in the media. The AtNRT1.1 is the first regulatory gene involved in nitrate signalling and encodes a dual affinity nitrate transporter [72,73]. The AtNRT1.1 transporter also acts as nitrate sensor and can regulate several downstream nitrate regulatory signalling mechanisms [74]. In addition, AtNRT2.1 was also shown to act as a nitrate sensor [75]. In the present analysis, both NRT1.1 and NRT2.1 were found to be induced in response to nitrogen or sucrose alone and also in presence of both, which may suggest their involvement in crosstalk between carbon and nitrogen signalling mechanisms in B. juncea. In A. thaliana, a cis-acting element in AtNRT2.1 promoter was found to be involved in response to exogenous NO3- and sugar [70]. Another gene that was found to be induced in both, root and shoot tissues by nitrogen and sucrose alone and together was BjNR2 that encodes for nitrate reductase. Previously, expression of gene encoding nitrate reductase was found to be regulated by light, nitrate and sugars [59,76]. The upregulation of BjNR2 by nitrogen and sucrose alone and together in B. juncea might also reflect its involvement in both carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways. In plants, both glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) play major role in ammonium assimilation, whereas pyruvate kinase is the rate limiting enzyme in carbon metabolism. These enzymes are known to be involved in tight regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolisms [3,77]. Up-regulation in the expression of BjGS1.2, BjGDH1 (Root), BjGS2, BjFd-GOGAT and BjPK genes (shoot) in B. juncea, when both sucrose and nitrogen are present may reflect their importance in maintaining tight coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in B. juncea.
Conclusions
The present work was carried out to understand the role of carbon and nitrogen in regulating growth of B. juncea seedlings and also to study the regulation of gene expression by both the nutrients. The presence of N source alone in the medium was found to increase cotyledon size and shoot length of B. juncea seedlings. Role of nitrate in regulating gene expression is well known, however our analysis revealed that sucrose alone can also regulate expression of genes of nitrogen metabolism that were not identified in previous studies. Both, carbon and nitrogen sources were found to regulate gene expression, either positively or negatively. Distinct expression patterns in both root and shoot tissues in response to nitrogen and sucrose was observed which showed that the regulation of gene expression by these nutrients is organ specific in B. juncea. In presence of sucrose, the expression of genes in root tissue was found to be affected more as compared to shoot tissue. Our study also suggests that both, nitrogen and sucrose can modulate the effect of each other in regulating gene expression. The expression data has revealed several common genes of N- metabolism in both root and shoot tissue that are affected when both, nitrogen and sucrose are present in the medium indicating importance of C/N signalling in regulating gene expression (S2 Table). In present work, differential expression pattern of various genes in response to carbon and nitrogen may be due presence of different cis-acting elements in their promoter regions. From our study, it is clear that as a signal, inorganic nitrogen or sucrose alone can regulate expression of genes involved in N-transport and assimilation, but how much of this inorganic nitrogen or sucrose change the downstream metabolites level is, not clear. Moreover, the key components involved in C/N sensing and signalling are not clearly known, due to complexity in the plant system. Therefore, understanding the exact molecular mechanism involved downstream to C/N signalling transduction pathway will be interesting, in future.
Supporting Information
S1 Fig.
Seeds of B. juncea were germinated on modified MS medium in absence of both carbon and nitrogen source (-Suc-N) (A), in presence of sucrose alone (+Suc-N) (B), in presence of nitrogen source alone (-Suc+N) (C) and in presence of carbon and nitrogen source (+Suc+N) (D). Increased cotyledon size and shoot length of B. juncea seedlings grown on–Suc+N and +Suc+N media was observed as compared to seedlings grown on–Suc-N and +Suc-N media (E). For shoot length, comparison seedlings grown on different medium were placed in single vertical petriplates and photographs were taken.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163061.s001
(PPTX)
S2 Fig. Bar diagrams showing relative expression of genes involved in N-uptake and assimilation and genes of organic acid metabolism in root and shoot tissue of B. juncea in presence of inorganic nitrogen alone (-Suc-N vs.-Suc+N) (A, B), in absence of inorganic nitrogen (+Suc+N vs.+Suc-N) (C, D), in presence of sucrose alone (-Suc-N vs.+Suc-N) (E, F) and in presence of both inorganic nitrogen and sucrose (-Suc-N vs. +Suc+N) (G, H).
Asterisks on the top of the bar indicate statistically significant differences (*P-value <0.05).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163061.s002
(PPTX)
S1 Table. List of primers used for qRT-PCR analysis and their amplicon size.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163061.s003
(XLSX)
S2 Table. List of genes commonly affected (up and down-regulated) in both root and shoot tissue of B. juncea L. under different C and N availabilities i.e. N alone in the medium, N depletion in the medium, Suc alone in the medium and presence of both N and Suc in the medium.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163061.s004
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Director CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur for constant support and encouragement. Authors thank Prof. Deepak Pental, Department of Genetics, Delhi University South Campus, New Delhi, India for providing seeds of B. juncea cv. Varuna. PG and MB acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for providing Junior and Senior Research Fellowship. This manuscript represents CSIR-IHBT communication number 4055A.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: AKS.
- Formal analysis: PG.
- Funding acquisition: AKS.
- Investigation: PG MB MK.
- Methodology: PG AKS.
- Project administration: AKS.
- Resources: AKS.
- Supervision: AKS.
- Validation: PG AKS.
- Visualization: PG AKS.
- Writing – original draft: PG.
- Writing – review & editing: PG AKS.
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