Printex 6L Carbon Nanoballs used in Electrochemical Sensors for Simultaneous Detection of Emerging Pollutants Hydroquinone and Paracetamol
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Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
Carbonaceous nanomaterials including carbon black, carbon nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoparticles, graphene, fullerenes and foams have been used extensively in sensors [1], [2], [3] and biosensors [4], [5], [6], [7]. Carbon black (CB), in particular, is investigated because it is one of the most inexpensive. It is normally constituted of small fine particles with low amounts of organic and inorganic surface compounds [6], and employed in screen printed electrodes for electronalysis of a variety of
Reagents and solutions
All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Hydroquinone of high purity (99%) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while paracetamol and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Printex L6 Carbon was purchased from Degussa (Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). High-purity water (resistivity > 18 MΩ cm) was taken from a Nanopure Ultrapurification System (Barnstead Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The 0.1 mol L−1
Morphological and structural properties
CNB are made of amorphous carbon, according to the powder XRD pattern in Fig. 2A, with well-defined peaks of the hexagonal phase at 2θ = 24.52° and 43.63°, corresponding to the (002) and (100) planes, respectively (JCPDF 73-2096 [22]). The XPS survey spectrum in Fig. 2B indicates that the sensing material contains 94% carbon and 6% oxygen. The HR-TEM images of CNB on copper grids in Fig. 2(C–E) reveal multiple nanoball-shaped particles with a narrow size distribution of ca. ∼20–25 nm.
CONCLUSIONS
We have shown that carbon nanoballs (CNB) with 20–25 nm diameter can be deposited on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes and promote oxidation of HQ and PARA at lower potentials than bare GC, also yielding higher currents. The GC/CNB sensor was then tested for detecting HQ and PARA, and exhibited the best performance in terms of sensitivity and detection limit among carbon-based electrochemical sensors we could find in the literature. Furthermore, with GC/CNB it was possible to detect HQ and PARA
Competing financial interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, (2012/17689-9, 2014/05197-0, 2016/01919-6, 2016/12759-0 and 2013/14262-7), CNPq and CAPES. The authors are grateful to Ms. Marcio de Paula and CAQI/IQSC/USP are specially acknowledged for SEM facilities and to Prof. Marcos R. V. Lanza for the generous donation of Printex L6 Carbon. The authors thank the Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory/Center for Research in Energy and Materials (LNNano/ CNPEM) and Structural
Paulo Augusto Raymundo-Pereira received his BSc. degree in Chemistry from Univ. Estadual Paulista, Brazil, in 2008, and his MSc. degree in 2011 and Ph.D. in 2016 in Analytical Chemistry from Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, Brazil. He has experience in Analytical Chemistry, with emphasis on electroanalysis, acting on the following topics: electro-analysis, electrochemical sensor and biosensor, modified electrode, nanomaterials and hybrid materials. Now, he is a Post-doc at Institute of
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2023, Journal of Environmental Chemical EngineeringCitation Excerpt :The developed sensor showed enhanced performance when compared to CNT and graphene. As a result of CNB preparation procedures, cheaper materials can be obtained, as well as the amount/number of reagents and residues consumed can be reduced [77]. An interesting study was done using a gold modified electrode (CNF@AuNPs) as the working electrode for fabricating the electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotic metronidazole.
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2022, Synthetic MetalsCitation Excerpt :Carbon materials including graphite, carbon nanotube, graphene and activated carbon have aroused increasing attention in the past several years [7–10]. For instance, Raymundo-Pereira and his group reported many carbon-based sensors about carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), electrochemical treatment-SPEs, Ag/SiO2/MWCNT and Printex 6 L Carbon nanoballs (CNB) used to determine simultaneously the presence of HQ, CC and other emerging pollutants [11–14]. Huang synthesized a graphene sheets embedded carbon (GSEC) film that was electrochemically activated in KOH solution for high sensitivity simultaneous determination of HQ and CC [4].
Paulo Augusto Raymundo-Pereira received his BSc. degree in Chemistry from Univ. Estadual Paulista, Brazil, in 2008, and his MSc. degree in 2011 and Ph.D. in 2016 in Analytical Chemistry from Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, Brazil. He has experience in Analytical Chemistry, with emphasis on electroanalysis, acting on the following topics: electro-analysis, electrochemical sensor and biosensor, modified electrode, nanomaterials and hybrid materials. Now, he is a Post-doc at Institute of Physics of São Carlos (IFSC), University of São Paulo. His research interests include electrochemical sensors, biosensors, hybrid surfaces, nanostructured materials, polymers, ultrathin films and enzymes for recognition molecular and detection of endocrine disruptors, neurotransmiters on environmental and clinical samples.
Anderson Massahiro de Campos received his BSc. degree in Chemistry from Sao Paulo University, Brazil, in 2016. He has experience in analytical chemistry, with emphasis on electroanalysis, acting on the following topics: electroanalysis, electrochemical sensors and modified electrodes, nanomaterials and hybrid materials.
Camila Domingues Mendonça received his BSc. degree in Chemistry from Federal University of Maranhão in 2011 and her MSc. degree in Analytical Chemistry from University of São Paulo in 2015. Her research interests are sensors and biosensors, pesticides, hormones and chromatographic methods.
Marcelo Luiz Calegaro received his BSc. degree in Chemistry from Chemistry Institute of São Carlos in 1990. He received his MSc. degree in 1995 and PhD. in 2000 from Chemistry Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Brazil. He is an electrochemist working on the following subjects: metal oxide catalysts, ethanol anodic oxidation, direct ethanol fuel cell, oxygen reduction reactions and sol-gel.
Sergio Antonio Spinola Machado received his BSc. degree in Chemistry from Federal University of São Carlos, in 1980. He received his MSc. degree in 1984 and PhD in 1989 from University of São Paulo. He is an associate professor at the Institute of Chemisty of São Carlos, University of São Paulo. He is an electrochemist working on electroanalysis, biosensors, analysis of pesticides, modifications of electrodes surfaces with self-assembled monolayers and carbon nanotubes. He is a member of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), and the Sociedad Iberoamericana de Electroquímica (SIBAE).
Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr received his BSc. in 1982 and MSc in 1984 from the University of São Paulo. He received PhD in 1990 from the University of Wales, Bangor, UK. He is a professor at the São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo. His main areas of activity are in nanostructured organic films, topic of condensed matter physics, and processing of natural languages. He is a member of the Academy of Sciences of the State of São Paulo, associate editor of the Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Display and Imaging. He was awarded the 2006 Scopus Award, by Elsevier and Capes.