Agricultural practices to improve nitrogen use efficiency through the use of arbuscular mycorrhizae: Basic and agronomic aspects

doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.004

Plant Science

Volume 264, November 2017, Pages 48-56

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.004 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems is heavily dependent upon arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi present in the soil.
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It is necessary to investigate which agricultural practices could be favorable to maximize the benefits of AMF in order to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency.
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We describe how improving colonization by AMF though the reduction of soil perturbation could be helpful for increasing crop nitrogen use efficiency.

Abstract

Nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems is heavily dependent upon arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in the soil microbiome. These fungi develop obligate symbioses with various host plant species, thus increasing their ability to acquire nutrients. However, AMF are particularly sensitive to physical, chemical and biological disturbances caused by human actions that limit their establishment. For a more sustainable agriculture, it will be necessary to further investigate which agricultural practices could be favorable to maximize the benefits of AMF to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), thus reducing nitrogen (N) fertilizer usage. Direct seeding, mulch-based cropping systems prevent soil mycelium disruption and increase AMF propagule abundance. Such cropping systems lead to more efficient root colonization by AMF and thus a better establishment of the plant/fungal symbiosis. In addition, the use of continuous cover cropping systems can also enhance the formation of more efficient interconnected hyphal networks between mycorrhizae colonized plants. Taking into account both fundamental and agronomic aspects of mineral nutrition by plant/AMF symbioses, we have critically described, how improving fungal colonization through the reduction of soil perturbation and maintenance of an ecological balance could be helpful for increasing crop NUE.

Section snippets

The contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to plant nitrogen nutrition

Mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen (N) are presently the main source of nutrients applied to soils, even if the contribution of animal manure remains important in areas where there are livestock nearby. Following the Green Revolution in the 1960s, N fertilizers synthesized by the Haber–Bosch process have been used extensively to increase crop yield, allowing the production of food for nearly half of the world population [1].

Despite an almost ten-fold increase in the application of mineral N

The complexity of nutrient uptake in a plant-fungal symbiosis

Many excellent reviews have described extensively our current knowledge of the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of nutrients by plants, notably N [23] and P [24]. In these reviews it has been emphasized that AMF play an essential role in the nutrient uptake of the majority of land plants, including many important crop species. The contribution of the AMF symbiosis to P nutrition has focused on the interplay between direct P uptake via the roots and uptake via the AMF pathway.

Whether AMF

The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems

The association between AMF and host plants is an ancient symbiosis that arose on the earth more than 400 million years ago [36]. Such associations are based upon a succession of biological events that can lead to a number of beneficial effects in both natural and agricultural ecosystems [37]. Mycorrhizal fungi can be involved in seedling growth [38], litter decomposition [39], and soil aggregation [40]. In this section, we will discuss the three main requirements necessary for the successful

Improving plant N uptake and utilization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The ability of AMF to increase nutrient uptake through the hyphal network offers an interesting strategy to limit the rather inefficient use of applied N by crops. AMF could play a useful role in the recycling of soil N by varying the availability of soil mineral N, through changes in the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community by modifying the development of denitrifying, nitrifying and diazotrophic symbiotic or free-living bacteria. This could be due to the changes in resources and

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Citation Excerpt :
The ability of root systems to acquire N also affects the loss of N by leaching, plant growth and grain yield. Previous studies suggested that these key N-cycling processes can be largely affected by soil organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in particular (Veresoglou et al., 2012; Verzeaux et al., 2017). However, the roles of AMF in the transformation of soil N and plant N uptake are still not well explored, particularly in rice–wheat double cropping systems.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in some key steps of nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems, such as the transformation of soil nitrogen and plant nitrogen uptake. However, whether AMF-mediated nitrogen cycling can be affected by other soil organisms, such as earthworms, remains to be elucidated, particularly under straw incorporation. A factorial microcosm experiment was conducted to test the effects of AMF-earthworm interactions on nitrogen cycling by including two earthworm species with different feeding behaviors (Eisenia fetida, epigeic, EP and Metaphire guillelmi, endogeic, EN) under different straw management strategies (no straw, NS; straw mixing with soil in 0–10 cm depth, SM; and the deep burial of straw at 20 cm deep, DB). Our results showed that AMF significantly increased the aboveground plant nitrogen uptake under NS (+27.01 %), SM (+7.63 %) and DB (+14.42 %) treatments. However, interactions between earthworms with different feeding types and straw management could affect AMF-mediated nitrification and denitrification in soils. In addition, earthworms were found to promote the uptake of mycorrhizal ¹⁵N uptake in the SM treatment but reduced it under the DB treatment. However, the interaction between AMF and EN earthworms promoted the total plant N uptake in the DB treatment. Our study suggests that AMF can affect the transformation of soil nitrogen and plant nitrogen uptake, but their impacts could be altered by agronomic management, such as straw incorporation, which induced changes in the activities of soil fauna, such as earthworms.

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Review articleAgricultural practices to improve nitrogen use efficiency through the use of arbuscular mycorrhizae: Basic and agronomic aspects

Highlights

Abstract

Section snippets

The contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to plant nitrogen nutrition

The complexity of nutrient uptake in a plant-fungal symbiosis

The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems

Improving plant N uptake and utilization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Environ. Sustain.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Plant Sci.

Trends Plant Sci.

Agric. Syst.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Trends Ecol. Evol.

Appl. Soil Ecol.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Soil Till. Res.

Appl. Soil Ecol.

Appl. Soil Ecol.

Eur. J. Soil Biol.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Trends Plant Sci.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Trends Ecol. Evol.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Appl. Soil Ecol.

Agric. Ecosyst Environ.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world

Nat. Geosci.

Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices

Nature

Effects of global change during the 21 st century on the nitrogen cycle

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

The genetics of nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants

Ann. Rev. Genet.

Nitrogen acquisition by plants and microorganisms in a temperate grassland

Sci. Rep

Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production

Agron. J.

Nitrous oxide: methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland

Soil Use Manage.

Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system a review

Ann. Appl. Biol.

Nitrate and nitrite in the diet: how to assess their benefits and risk for human health

Mol. Nutr. Food Res.

Agriculture and Eutrophication: where do we go from here?

Sustainability

Improving nitrogen use efficiency in crops for a sustainable agriculture

Sustainability

Bacterial association with legumes

Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.

Models of biological nitrogen fixation of legumes: a review

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and challenges to extending it to non-legumes

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

In winter wheat, No-Till Increases mycorrhizal colonization thus reducing the need for nitrogen fertilization

Agronomy

Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants

Nat. Rev. Microb.

Breeding for better symbiosis

Plant Soil

The use of mycorrhiza in organically-grown crops under semi-arid conditions: a review of benefits, constraints and future challenges

Symbiosis

Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the nitrogen uptake of plants: current knowledge and research gaps

Agronomy

Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition

Plant Physiol.

Plant-fungus competition for nitrogen erases mycorrhizal growth benefits of Andropogon gerardii under limited nitrogen supply

Ecol. Evol.

Ressources stoichiometry elucidates the structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas across scales

New Phytol.

Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Nature

Substantial nitrogen acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from organic material has implications for N cycling

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

Amino acid uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal plants

Review article
Agricultural practices to improve nitrogen use efficiency through the use of arbuscular mycorrhizae: Basic and agronomic aspects