A prospective study of two self-help CD based desensitization and counter-conditioning programmes with the use of Dog Appeasing Pheromone for the treatment of firework fears in dogs (Canis familiaris)☆
Introduction
Noise fears and phobias among dogs (Canis familiaris) are a commonly reported behavioural problem (Beaver, 1999, Landsberg et al., 2003, Mills et al., 2003, Overall, 1997, Overall, 2002) with an estimated prevalence of 38% being reported (Voith and Borchelt, 1996). There are many noises of which dogs are fearful; however, the most common appear to be thunder, fireworks, and gunshots (Landsberg et al., 2003, Shull-Selcer and Stagg, 1991, Tuber et al., 1982). Being able to identify the fear eliciting situation is essential for successful treatment; however, the specific sensory channel stimulated by the trigger situation may not always be discernable. For example, thunderstorms consist of several interrelated stimuli to which the dog may be reacting (e.g. changes in barometric pressure, light intensity and ionization, in addition to the noise) and can be extremely difficult to treat as a result because of the inability to replicate these changes in the home environment. By contrast, fear of gunshots or fireworks are perhaps a more useful model for investigating treatment plans focused on the noise stimulus as many of the potential confounding non-sound related stimuli can be more easily controlled and appear less frequently implicated in the problem.
Hothersall and Tuber (1979) provide a detailed account of the use of incremental changes in the volume of recorded sounds to desensitize systematically and counter-condition two dogs in order to treat their noise fears, and since that time, the technique has become central to most treatment schedules for this problem. An abundance of individual case testimonies provide evidence of the widespread success of this method but there have been remarkably few scientific studies which have systematically examined the efficacy of other or related treatment programmes. Crowell-Davis et al. (2003) found that, for storm phobic dogs, a combination of desensitization and counter-conditioning therapy using sound recordings of storms together with medication (alprazolam and clomipramine) helped improve the reported behaviour of dogs during storms. However, there was no consistent evidence of improvement based on video recordings of the dogs’ behaviour in response to the CD recordings in the veterinary hospital pre- and post-treatment. This suggests that the response to the recording in the clinic environment may not reflect the perceived response in the home environment to the real event where the behavioural modification programme has been undertaken. Sheppard and Mills (2003) suggested that Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP, Ceva Santé Animale) was also useful in reducing firework-noise-related fear behaviours, even without the use of systematic desensitization and counter-conditioning, as long as the owners ignored the dog's fearful behaviour. A retrospective study which examined the effect of various treatment plans with dogs who had firework fears (Mills et al., 2003) found that the combination of DAP and a CD recording based programme (Fear of Fireworks, http://www.Fearoffireworks.com) provided a stronger therapeutic result than either the recording or DAP alone. The authors also found that owners who used medication (acepromazine, diazepam) to help in the management of the problem were less compliant with certain aspects of the behaviour modification programme and tended to report no improvement in their dog's behaviour as a result of treatment. Such medication is only available on prescription from a veterinarian and the results of this latter study emphasize the importance of behaviour therapy in the management of these cases. It should be noted that acepromazine is a sedative and not an anxiolytic and that diazepam is most efficacious as an anxiolytic when administered prior to the noise event. Desensitization and counter-conditioning can be time intensive, laborious and confusing for inexperienced individuals. Theoretically, the desensitization and counter-conditioning programmes should be applied in a structured manner to maximize the chances of success and avoid exacerbating the fear through inadvertent noise sensitization. Whilst there are behaviour specialists to help design individual treatment programmes for their clients, there are also a range of commercially available tape and CD based self-help programmes advertised for the treatment of noise fears in dogs. These recordings vary in sound quality, structure, and content, together with the instructions provided. For example, Fear of Fireworks (http://www.Fearoffireworks.com) is based on a live recording of fireworks, whilst Sounds Scary (Sounds Scary Ltd.) is a more formally structured programme based on sound segments and sequences. To date, there have been no systematic studies of the efficacy of these self-help desensitization and counter-conditioning programmes, nor the problems that might arise. Therefore the aims of this study were, firstly to evaluate the efficacy of two self-help CD based behaviour programmes for the treatment of firework noise fears and secondly, given the lack of personalized instruction, it was of interest to examine training progress and owner compliance and interpretation of the instructions provided with these programmes in a self-help package. Efficacy would be assessed using both owner reports of the dog's behaviour to live events while the dog was in the home and video footage of the dog's response to a segment of a firework CD in the behaviour clinic pre- and post-treatment. The latter allows a more objective determination of whether, in the case of firework fears, the behaviour of the dogs in the clinic in response to a CD recording corresponded with their reported behaviour in response to the live event at home. The efficacy of the two CD programmes would then be compared using the owner reports as, ultimately, it is the owner's impression of improvement that will dictate if a treatment is deemed useful.
Section snippets
Participants and animals
Participants were recruited via notices at local veterinary clinics and a press release to the local media. The dates of the study were August through October 2004. Telephone interviews with potential participants were completed to ensure they met the following inclusion criteria: the dog was at least 6 months old, displayed fear responses identifiable to fireworks, displayed the fear responses in the home, had not generalized the fear such that the fear eliciting cues were too numerous to be
Population characteristics
Forty-two individuals completed the first 4 weeks of training. Of these, 17 of the recruited dogs were mixed breeds and 25 were pure breeds. The breeds represented included Collies (6), Retrievers (4), Terriers (4), German Shepherds (3), Cocker spaniels (2), Greyhound (1), Miniature Schnauzers (1), Shit-zus (1), St. Bernards (1), Staffordshire bull terriers (1), and a Whippet (1). There was no gender (χ2 = 0.382, d.f. = 1, p > 0.05), age (χ2 = 0.008, d.f. = 1, p > 0.05), or pedigree status (i.e. pure breed
Efficacy of CDs to real exposures
These results describe the potential value of using sound recordings of fireworks with the use of DAP as a treatment plan for dogs with firework fears. Behaviours that occurred most commonly (i.e. >70% of the dogs) to real fireworks included hiding, cowering, pacing, panting, seeking the owner, shaking, vigilance, and having an exaggerated response when startled. This is similar to findings in an earlier study using owner reported information regarding fear behaviours exhibited by dogs exposed
Conclusions
Self-help desensitization and counter-conditioning programmes for firework fears in combination with the use of DAP appear to be a potentially effective way of reducing owner reported fear-related behaviours in dogs, but compliance may be expected to be poor. If owners apply the treatment for 60 days an overall reduction of approximately 60% in the number of signs exhibited may be expected on average but this depends on the specific signs being shown. Most signs, even if they are not
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank both the Fear of Fireworks and Sounds Scary companies for providing the CD programmes free of charge. The authors would also like to than CEVA for providing the Dog Appeasing Pheromone free of charge.
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This paper is part of the special issue entitled “Veterinary Behavioural Medicine” guest edited by Daniel Mills and Gary Landsberg.