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Chloroplast haplotypes suggest preglacial differentiation and separate postglacial migration paths for the threatened North American forest tree Juglans cinerea L.

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Abstract

Postglacial migration paths for most of the tree species of Eastern North America remain unknown. The presence of no-analogue forest communities prior to the last glacial advance suggests that individual trees species in Eastern North America may respond differently as climate changes and human impacts increase. In this study, we examined chloroplast haplotypes from natural populations of Juglans cinerea L., a North American forest tree, to infer postglacial migration patterns. Sequences from eight different regions of the chloroplast genome in 197 trees distributed across the range revealed 10 haplotypes. A minimum spanning network, phylogenetic analysis and haplotype distributions revealed that the three most common haplotypes were geographically disjunct and not closely related. Haplotype 6 (73 trees) occurred only in western populations, haplotype 10 (83 trees) occurred only in eastern populations and haplotype 7 (21 trees) occurred only at the southern edge of the native range. The southernmost population contained the most haplotype diversity but included no eastern haplotypes. Haplotype phylogeography suggested geographical differentiation prior to the last glacial advance in eastern populations and separate postglacial migration paths for eastern and western populations. As migration of J. cinerea to Atlantic Canada from southern refugia does not appear possible given known seed dispersal mechanisms, the possibility of northern refugia or dispersal by extinct megafauna merits serious consideration. Differences among species in preglacial history, ecological niche preferences and seed dispersal mechanisms suggest that response to long-term climate change and acute human disturbance may be highly species specific.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Bob Anderson, Paul Berrang, Sunshine Brosi, Bryan Connolly, Brice Leech, Scott Schlarbaum and Barb Boysen for assisting in sample collection. We also thank the private landowners, state governments and the provincial governments of Ontario and New Brunswick for allowing us access to state, provincial and private forests. This project was funded in part by an NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates summer program grant to Kristen Laricchia. Sean Hoban is supported as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, funded by NSF Award #DBI-1300426, and The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Conflict of interest

The authors affirm that they have no conflicts of interest.

Data archiving statement

Sequences for haplotypes 2, 5, 6 and 10, which show all the polymorphisms we detected except one, are deposited at NCBI. Accessions numbers are listed in Table S1. The polymorphic region of ndhK-ndhC, being <200 bp and thus too short to deposit, is reported in Table S2.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University and the Chicago Botanic Garden, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Kristen M. Laricchia

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 320 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, 46556-4645, USA

    Tim S. McCleary, Daniel Borkowski & Jeanne Romero-Severson

  3. National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Sean M. Hoban

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  1. Kristen M. Laricchia
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  5. Jeanne Romero-Severson
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Correspondence to Jeanne Romero-Severson.

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Communicated by R. Sederoff

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Laricchia, K.M., McCleary, T.S., Hoban, S.M. et al. Chloroplast haplotypes suggest preglacial differentiation and separate postglacial migration paths for the threatened North American forest tree Juglans cinerea L.. Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 30 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0852-3

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