Abstract
Photosynthetic and respiratory responses (P–E curves) of Gracilaria parvispora from the southeast Gulf of California were studied at four temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 °C) and salinity (25, 30, 35, 40 psu) combinations. The alga showed acclimation in its photosynthetic and respiratory responses to tropical temperature as well as to oceanic salinity. A positive effect of temperature on photosynthetic rate (P max) was observed for all salinities. Photosynthetic rates for treatments at 20 and 25 °C were lower (<9.2 mg O2 g dry weight (dw)−1 h−1) than for treatments at 30 and 35 °C (>12 mg O2 g dw−1 h−1). G. parvispora showed limited tolerance to low salinities (25 psu) and low temperatures (20 °C) and the interaction between temperature and salinity was significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.05). Responses to salinity indicated adaptation to oceanic salinity. Photosynthetic responses were lower at 25 psu than at higher salinities. The lowest P max values (6.2–8.2 mg O2 g dw−1 h−1) were observed at the lowest salinity (25 psu) regardless of temperature. Compensation and saturation irradiances (26–170 and 57–149 μmol photons m−2 s−1, respectively) indicate adaptation to lower irradiances in shallow (1–2 m depth) habitats, where turbidity can be high, and the capacity of shade adaptation has been developed. Results suggest distribution of this species is mainly related to salinity or temperature. The potential mariculture efforts of G. parvispora would be limited by low temperatures in winter, and indicate that this species will probably not be able to spread further due to low temperatures (<15 °C) in the upper part of the Gulf of California.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez-Borrego S (1983) Gulf of California. In: Ketchum BH (ed) Estuaries and enclosed seas. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 427–449
Arellano-Carbajal F, Pacheco-Ruiz I, Correa-Díaz F (1999) Seasonal variation in agar yield and quality of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto et Foldvik, from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Cienc Mar 25:51–6
Bird NL, Chen CM, McLachlan J (1979) Effects of temperature, light and salinity on growth in culture of Chondrus crispus, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) and Fucus serratus (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Bot Mar 22:521–527
Davison IR (1991) Environmental effects on algal photosynthesis: temperature. J Phycol 27:2–8
Dawes CJ (1994) Physiological differentiation of the red seaweed Gracilaria tikvahiae from a mangal estuary, exposed coast, and culture. Bull Mar Sci 54:361–366
Dawes CJ (1998) Marine Botany, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 480
Dawes CJ, Moon R, Davis MA (1978) The photosynthetic and respiratory rates and tolerances of benthic algae from mangrove and salt marsh estuary: a comparative study. Estuar Coast Mar Sci 6:175–185
Dawes CJ, Orduña-Rojas J, Robledo D (1998) Response of the tropical red seaweed Gracilaria cornea to temperature, salinity and irradiance. J Appl Phycol 10:419–425
Espinoza-Avalos, J (1993) Macroalgas Marinas del Golfo de California. In: SI Salazar-Vallejo and NE González (eds). Biodiversidad marina y Costera de México Com Nal Biodiversidad y CIQRO: Mexico. pp 328–357
Ganzon-Fortes ET (1999) Photosynthetic and respiratory responses of the agarophyte Gelidiella acerosa collected from tidepool, intertidal and subtidal habitats. Hydrobiologia 398/399:321–328
Garcia-Rodriguez, LD, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Kim SY, López-Meyer M, Orduña-Rojas J, Boo SM (2013). Recent introduction of Gracilaria parvispora (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in Baja California, México. Bot Mar (in press)
Gessner F, Schramm W (1971) Salinity. In: Kinne O (ed) Marine ecology, vol I (2). Wiley, New York, pp 705–820
Glenn EP, Moore D, Fitzsimmons K, Azevedo C (1996) Spore culture of the edible red seaweed, Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta). Aquaculture 142:59–74
Glenn EP, Moore D, Brown JJ, Tanner R, Fitzsimmons K, Akutagawa M, Napolean S (1998) A sustainable culture system for Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta) using sporelings, reef growout and floating cages in Hawaii. Aquaculture 165:221–232
Glenn EP, Moore D, Akutagawa M, Himle A, Walsh T, Nelson SG (1999) Correlation between Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta) biomass production and water quality factors on a tropical reef in Hawaii. Aquaculture 178:323–331
Jassby AD, Platt T (1976) Mathematical formulation of the relationship between photosynthesis and light for phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 21:540–547
Koch EW, Lawrence J (1987) Photosynthetic and respiratory responses to salinity changes in the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa. Bot Mar 30:327–329
Levy I, Friedlander M (1990) I Growth, pigment, and carbohydrate characterization of strains of G. conferta and G. verrucosa (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Bot Mar 33:339–345
Lobban CS, Harrison PJ (1997) Seaweed Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge University Press, New York, p 366
McHugh DJ (2002) Prospects for seaweed production in developing countries FAO Fish Circ No 968 Rome, FAO 28 p
McLachlan J, Bird CJ (1986) Gracilaria (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) and productivity. Aquat Bot 26:27–49
Nelson SG, Glenn EP, Conn J, Moore D, Walsh T, Akutagawa M (2001) Cultivation of Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta) in shrimp-farm effluent ditches and floating cages in Hawaii: a two-phase polyculture system. Aquaculture 93:239–248
Nelson SG, Glenn EP, Conn J, Moore D, Walsh T, Akutagawa M (2009) Growth and distribution of the macroalgae Gracilaria salicornia and G parvispora (Rhodophyta) established from aquaculture introductions at Molokai, Hawaii. Pac Sci 63:383–396
Norris JN (1985) Studies on Gracilaria Grev (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Gulf of California, México. Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds 1:123–135
Ochoa-Izaguirre MJ, Aguilar-Rosas R, Aguilar-Rosas LE (2007) Catálogo de macroalgas marinas de las lagunas costeras de Sinaloa Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM 117 pp
Orduña-Rojas J, Robledo D, Dawes CJ (2002) Studies on the tropical agarophyte Gracilaria cornea J Agard (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from Yucatán, Mexico. I Seasonal physiological and biochemical responses. Bot Mar 45:453–458
Orduña-Rojas J, García-Camacho KY, Orozco-Meyer P, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Pacheco-Ruiz I, Zertuche-González JA, Meling-López AE (2008) Agar properties of two species of Gracilariaceae from the Gulf of California, Mexico. J Appl Phycol 20:169–175
Pacheco-Ruiz I, Zertuche-González JA (1996) The commercially valuable seaweeds of the Gulf of California. Bot Mar 39:201–206
Paull ER, Chen NJ (2008) Postharvest handling and storage of edible red seaweed Gracilaria. Postharvest Biol Technol 48:302–308
Penniman CA, Mathieson AC (1985) Photosynthesis of Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. Bot Mar 28:427–435
Phooprong S, Ogawa H, Hayashizaki K (2007) Photosynthetic and respiratory responses of Gracilaria salicornia (C Ag) Dawson (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Thailand and Japan. J Appl Phycol 19:795–80
Phooprong S, Ogawa H, Hayashizaki K (2008) Photosynthetic and respiratory responses of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss collected from Kumamoto, Shizuoka and Iwate, Japan. J Appl Phycol 20:743–750
Piñon-Gimate A, Serviere-Zaragoza E, Ochoa-Izaguirre MJ, Páez-Osuna F (2008) Species composition and seasonal changes in macroalgal blooms in lagoons along the southeastern Gulf of California. Bot Mar 51:112–123
Plus M, Auby I, Verlaque M, Levavasseur G (2005) Seasonal variations in photosynthetic irradiance response curves of macrophytes from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. Aquat Bot 81:157–173
Rueness J (2005) Life history and molecular sequences of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), a new introduction to European waters. Phycologia 44:120–128
Santelices B, Fonck E (1979) Ecología y cultivo de Gracilaria lemaneiformis. In: B Santelices (eds). Actas I Simp Algas Mar Chil 1:165–200
Simon C, Ar G, Levavasseur G, Deslandes E (1999) Effects of short-term variations of salinity and temperature on the photosynthetic response of the red alga Grateloupia doryphora from Brittany, France. Bot Mar 42:437–440
Wang YC, Pan GY, Chen LCM (1984) Studies on agarophytes II Field observations and growth of Gracilaria cf verrucosa (Rhodophyta) in Shantou District, Guangdong, PRC. Bot Mar 27:265–268
Yokoya NS, Kakita H, Obika H, Kitamura T (1999) Effects of environmental factors and plant growth regulators on growth of the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla from Shikoku Island, Japan. Hydrobiologia 398/399:339–347
Zertuche-González, JA, Pacheco-Ruíz I, González-González J (1995) Macroalgas. In: W Fisher, F Krupp, W Schneider, C Sommer, KE Carpenter and VH Niem (eds). Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca Pacífico Centro-Oriental I Plantas e Invertebrados FAO, Rome, pp 10–82
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by SIP-IPN grants 20080148 and 20090014 and CECyT-Sinaloa. J. Orduña-Rojas and M. López-Meyer acknowledge COFAA and SIP-IPN economic support. L.D. García-Rodríguez acknowledges the economic support during his MS studies by CONACYT (scholarship #219640) and Instituto Politécnico Nacional (PIFI program). We thank the comments from Dr. Jorge M. López-Calderon and Dr. Juan Manuel López-Vivas. RRR acknowledge the support of UABCS to participate in this project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orduña-Rojas, J., García-Rodríguez, L.D., López-Meyer, M. et al. Photosynthetic and respiratory responses of Gracilaria parvispora from the southeastern Gulf of California. J Appl Phycol 25, 1855–1861 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0010-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0010-y