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Distribution and evolution of citrus with S 4 and/or S 5 gene alleles for self-incompatibility with special focus on the origin of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.; S f S 4 )

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Abstract

Gametophytic self-incompatibility, one of the key characters for seedless citrus production, is controlled by single codominant gene S known in pummelo, mandarin and their hybrid cultivars. However, little is known about S genotypes and S allele frequencies in Citrus cultivars. First, S genotypes and S allele frequencies of Citrus accessions were studied with S 4 and S 5 gene alleles of ‘Hassaku’ (C. hassaku hort. ex Tanaka) a putative hybrid between self-incompatible pummelo [C. maxima (Burm.) Merrill; syn. C. grandis Osbeck] and ‘Kunenbo’ (C. nobilis Lour. var. kunep Tanaka). About 200 Citrus accessions were pollinated with each of the homozygous S1 seedlings (S 4 S 4 and S 5 S 5 ) of ‘Hassaku’. Pollen tube arrest in the styles indicated that 19 of 202 (9.4%) accessions have an S 4 allele and 12 of 191 (6.3%) accessions have an S 5 allele. In pummelo, the rate of accessions with S 4 allele was 1.4% (1/72), while that with S 5 allele was 5.9% (9/76). This suggests that the two alleles are originated from pummelo and the allele frequency is 0.7% (1/144) for S 4 and 5.9% (9/152) for S 5 . Except ‘Kunenbo’, all accessions with S 4 alleles have their origin in Japan. These results suggest that self-incompatible ‘Kunenbo’ (S 4 S ? ) introduced from Southeast Asia to Japan about 600 years ago firstly generated satsuma mandarin (S f S 4 ) and ‘Kabuchii’ (S 4 S ? ) about 400–500 years ago, followed by 16 S 4 -carrying cultivars including ‘Hassaku’ (S 4 S 5 ) appearing as a chance seedling in Hiroshima in the nineteenth century.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to citrus breeding stuffs of the National Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), Kumamoto Prefectural Fruit Tree Experiment Station (KMPFTS), and Kagoshima Prefectural Fruit Tree Experiment Station (KSPFTS) for kindly providing citrus scions from which a large number of the adult trees used in this experiment were raised.

Funding

This study was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. JP21380027.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan

    Xiao-Hui Zhou

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan

    Jung-Hee Kim

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan

    Akira Wakana, Kaori Sakai, Kohei Kajiwara & Yuki Mizunoe

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  1. Xiao-Hui Zhou
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Correspondence to Akira Wakana.

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Zhou, XH., Kim, JH., Wakana, A. et al. Distribution and evolution of citrus with S 4 and/or S 5 gene alleles for self-incompatibility with special focus on the origin of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.; S f S 4 ). Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, 1013–1033 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0592-3

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