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Circulating MicroRNAs: A Novel Class of Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosing and Prognosing Central Nervous System Diseases

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Abstract

As a class of important endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in many physiological and pathological processes. It is believed that miRNAs contribute to the development, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity of the neurons, and their dysregulation has been linked to a series of diseases. MiRNAs exist in the tissues and as circulating miRNAs in several body fluids, including plasma or serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva. There are significant differences between the circulating miRNA expression profiles of healthy individuals and those of patients. Consequently, circulating miRNAs are likely to become a novel class of noninvasive and sensitive biomarkers. Although little is known about the origin and functions of circulating miRNAs at present, their roles in the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of diseases make them attractive markers, particularly for tumors and cardiovascular diseases. Until now, however, there have been limited data regarding the roles of circulating miRNAs in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. This review focuses on the characteristics of circulating miRNAs and their values as potential biomarkers in CNS diseases, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

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Abbreviations

Aβ:

β-Side amyloid

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AMPA:

α-Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate

BACE1:

β-Side amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1

BD:

Bipolar disorder

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

GAP:

GTPase-activating protein

GRIA:

AMPA glutamate receptor subunit

HD:

Huntington’s disease

HTT:

Protein Huntington

JUN:

Jun proto-oncogene

LIMK1:

Lim-domain containing protein kinase 1

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

PTPN1:

Protein tyrosine phosphates, nonreceptor type 1

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

REST:

RE1-silencing transcription factor

SPTLC:

Serine palmitoyltransferase long chain

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Project of National Science and Technology Support Program in China (2012BAI01B07).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China

    Xue-Feng Jin, Ning Wu, Lv Wang & Jin Li

  2. XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, 172th Tongzipe Road, Changsha, 410000, China

    Xue-Feng Jin

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  1. Xue-Feng Jin
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  2. Ning Wu
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  4. Jin Li
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Correspondence to Jin Li.

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Xue-Feng Jin and Ning Wu contributed equally to this study.

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Jin, XF., Wu, N., Wang, L. et al. Circulating MicroRNAs: A Novel Class of Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosing and Prognosing Central Nervous System Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 33, 601–613 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-013-9940-9

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