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Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain environment

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Abstract

Flood plains play a potentially important role in the global carbon cycle. The accumulation of organic matter in flood plains often induces the formation of chemically reduced groundwater and sediments along riverbanks. In this study, our objective is to evaluate the cumulative impact of such reduced zones, water table fluctuations, and temperature gradients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain at Rifle, Colorado located along the Colorado River. 2-D coupled variably-saturated, non-isothermal flow and biogeochemical reactive transport modeling was applied to improve our understanding of the abiotic and microbially mediated reactions controlling carbon dynamics at the Rifle site. Model simulations considering only abiotic reactions (thus ignoring microbial reactions) underestimated CO2 partial pressures observed in the unsaturated zone and severely underestimated inorganic (and overestimated organic) carbon fluxes to the river compared to simulations with biotic pathways. Both model simulations and field observations highlighted the need to include microbial contributions from chemolithoautotrophic processes (e.g., Fe+2 and S−2 oxidation) to match locally-observed high CO2 concentrations above reduced zones. Observed seasonal variations in CO2 concentrations in the unsaturated zone could not be reproduced without incorporating temperature gradients in the simulations. Incorporating temperature fluctuations resulted in an increase in the annual groundwater carbon fluxes to the river by 170 % to 3.3 g m−2 d−1, while including water table variations resulted in an overall decrease in the simulated fluxes. We conclude that spatial microbial and redox zonation as well as temporal fluctuations of temperature and water table depth contribute significantly to subsurface carbon fluxes in flood plains and need to be represented appropriately in model simulations.

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Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported as part of the Genomes to Watershed Scientific Focus Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under Award Number DE-AC02-05CH11231. We are grateful to P. E. Long for providing temperature data for this study.

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Correspondence to Bhavna Arora.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

See Tables 10, 11 and Fig. A1.

Table 10 Aqueous complexes considered in the simulations
Table 11 Mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions considered in the simulations
Fig. A1
figure 13

The tortuosity factor \(\uptau\) is computed as a function of liquid saturation (S1) and porosity (ϕ) as \(\uptau_1 = \text{S}_1^{10/3} \upphi^{1/3}\) and \(\uptau_{\text{g}} = (1-\text{S}_1)^{10/3} \upphi^{1/3}\) (Millington and Quirk 1961)

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Arora, B., Spycher, N.F., Steefel, C.I. et al. Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain environment. Biogeochemistry 127, 367–396 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0186-8

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