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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Revisiting the male genetic landscape of China: a multi-center study of almost 38,000 Y-STR haplotypes

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This article was retracted on 11 December 2021

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Abstract

China has repeatedly been the subject of genetic studies to elucidate its prehistoric and historic demography. While some studies reported a genetic distinction between Northern and Southern Han Chinese, others showed a more clinal picture of small differences within China. Here, we investigated the distribution of Y chromosome variation along administrative as well as ethnic divisions in the mainland territory of the People’s Republic of China, including 28 administrative regions and 19 recognized Chinese nationalities, to assess the impact of recent demographic processes. To this end, we analyzed 37,994 Y chromosomal 17-marker haplotype profiles from the YHRD database with respect to forensic diversity measures and genetic distance between groups defined by administrative boundaries and ethnic origin. We observed high diversity throughout all Chinese provinces and ethnicities. Some ethnicities, including most prominently Kazakhs and Tibetans, showed significant genetic differentiation from the Han and other groups. However, differences between provinces were, except for those located on the Tibetan plateau, less pronounced. This discrepancy is explicable by the sizeable presence of Han speakers, who showed high genetic homogeneity all across China, in nearly all studied provinces. Furthermore, we observed a continuous genetic North–South gradient in the Han, confirming previous reports of a clinal distribution of Y chromosome variation and being in notable concordance with the previously observed spatial distribution of autosomal variation. Our findings shed light on the demographic changes in China accrued by a fast-growing and increasingly mobile population.

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Change history

  • 11 June 2020

    Editor’s Note: Concerns have been raised about the ethics approval and informed consent procedures related to the research reported in this paper. The paper includes the following author declarations: "A total of 37,994 unrelated males were sampled with informed consent". Editorial action will be taken as appropriate once an investigation of the concerns is complete and all parties have been given an opportunity to respond in full.

  • 11 December 2021

    This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-021-02413-w

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany

    Michael Nothnagel

  2. Department of Public Security Technology, The Center for Forensic Science Research, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou, 450053, People’s Republic of China

    Guangyao Fan

  3. Department of Forensic Medicine, National Police University of China, Shenyang, 110854, People’s Republic of China

    Fei Guo

  4. Department of Criminal Investigation, Shaanxi Provincial Public Security Bureau, Xi’an, 710016, People’s Republic of China

    Yongfeng He

  5. Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Yiping Hou, Weibo Liang, Haibo Luo, Yi Ye & Libing Yun

  6. Molecular Biology and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China

    Shengping Hu

  7. Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road, 9th, Guiyang, 550004, People’s Republic of China

    Jiang Huang

  8. Liaoning Criminal and Science Technology Research Institute, Shenyang, 110032, People’s Republic of China

    Xianhua Jiang

  9. Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea

    Wook Kim

  10. Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA

    Kicheol Kim

  11. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai, 200063, People’s Republic of China

    Chengtao Li & Suhua Zhang

  12. MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China

    Hui Li, Liming Li, Shilin Li, Shao-Qing Wen & Shi Yan

  13. Department of Criminal Investigation, Hebei Provincial Public Security Bureau, Shijiazhuang City, 050000, People’s Republic of China

    Zhao Li

  14. Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou, 510030, People’s Republic of China

    Chao Liu

  15. School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China

    Di Lu & Shengjie Nie

  16. Center of Cooperative Innovation for Judicial Civilization, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100088, People’s Republic of China

    Meisen Shi

  17. Department of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, People’s Republic of China

    Hongyu Sun

  18. Department of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, People’s Republic of China

    Jianpin Tang

  19. Department of Forensic Sciences, Police Station of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People’s Republic of China

    Lei Wang

  20. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

    Chuan-Chao Wang

  21. Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China

    Dan Wang

  22. Xinxiang Medical University School of Basic Medical, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China

    Hongyan Wu

  23. Institute of Forensic Science, Zhejiang Provincial Public Security Bureau, Hangzhou, 310009, People’s Republic of China

    Weiwei Wu

  24. School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

    Jiaxin Xing

  25. Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China

    Jiangwei Yan

  26. Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province, Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou, 730070, People’s Republic of China

    Hongbing Yao

  27. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People’s Republic of China

    Zhaoshu Zeng

  28. Forensic Science Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China

    Lagabaiyila Zha

  29. Department of Pathology, Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada

    Xiufen Zheng

  30. Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Sascha Willuweit & Lutz Roewer

Authors
  1. Michael Nothnagel
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  2. Guangyao Fan
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  3. Fei Guo
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  4. Yongfeng He
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  5. Yiping Hou
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  6. Shengping Hu
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  7. Jiang Huang
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  8. Xianhua Jiang
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  9. Wook Kim
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  10. Kicheol Kim
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  11. Chengtao Li
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  12. Hui Li
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  13. Liming Li
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  14. Shilin Li
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  15. Zhao Li
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  16. Weibo Liang
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  17. Chao Liu
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  18. Di Lu
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  19. Haibo Luo
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  20. Shengjie Nie
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  21. Meisen Shi
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  22. Hongyu Sun
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  23. Jianpin Tang
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  24. Lei Wang
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  25. Chuan-Chao Wang
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  26. Dan Wang
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  27. Shao-Qing Wen
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  28. Hongyan Wu
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  29. Weiwei Wu
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  30. Jiaxin Xing
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  31. Jiangwei Yan
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  32. Shi Yan
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  33. Hongbing Yao
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  34. Yi Ye
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  35. Libing Yun
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  36. Zhaoshu Zeng
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  37. Lagabaiyila Zha
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  38. Suhua Zhang
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  39. Xiufen Zheng
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  40. Sascha Willuweit
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  41. Lutz Roewer
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Nothnagel.

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Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

Hongbing Yao was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (1308RJZA190), Scientific Research Project for Colleges of Gansu Province (2014A-085), Evidence Science, Technology and Application for Key Laboratory Foundation of Gansu Province (ZDSYS-Y20) and Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law Foundation Project (GZF2011XQNLW45). Lagabaiyila Zha’s work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation for Youth (81302621). Xiufen Zheng received a grant by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31260267). Hongyu Sun was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81273347, 81671873), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (16ykzd08). Hui Li received funding from MOE Scientific Research Project (113022A), NSFC31671297, MOST2016YFC0900300, and Shanghai Shuguang Project (14SG05). Lei Wang and Zhaoshu Zeng were supported by The Key Scientific Research Project for Higher Institutions of Henan Provincial Education Department (15A180021). Weibo Liang’s work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471827, 81671871).

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Nothnagel, M., Fan, G., Guo, F. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Revisiting the male genetic landscape of China: a multi-center study of almost 38,000 Y-STR haplotypes. Hum Genet 136, 485–497 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1759-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1759-x

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