Abstract
Breathing is a vegetative function that is altered during more complex behaviours such as exercise, vocalisation and respiratory protective reflexes. Recent years have seen recognition of the importance of respiratory pattern generation in addition to rhythm generation. Respiratory-modulated cranial motoneurons (laryngeal, pharyngeal, hypoglossal, facial) offer a unique insight into the control of respiration since: (1) they receive rhythmic respiratory inputs but; (2) their respiratory-modulated firing pattern differs to that of phrenic neurons to suit their function, (for example, hypoglossal motoneurons begin firing and thus the tongue depresses before the onset of phrenic nerve discharge and diaphragmatic during inspiration) and; (3) their activity is often altered in parallel with changes in respiration during stereotypical non-respiratory behaviours such as coughing, swallowing and sneeze. Here we review some mechanisms that modulate the respiratory-related activity of laryngeal motoneurons with an emphasis on the generation of post-inspiratory activity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alheid, G.F., Milsom, W.K., and McCrimmon, D.R. (2004) Pontine influences on breathing: An overview. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 143, 105–114.
Arita, H., Ichikawa, K., and Sakamoto, M. (1995) Serotonergic cells in nucleus raphe pallidus provide tonic drive to posterior cricoarytenoid motoneurons via 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors in cats. Neurosci. Lett. 197, 113–116.
Arnold, G.E. (1961) Physiology and pathology of the cricothyroid muscle. Laryngoscope 71, 687–753.
Baekey, D.M., Morris, K.F., Gestreau, C., Li, Z., Lindsey, B.G., and Shannon, R. (2001) Medullary respiratory neurones and control of laryngeal motoneurones during fictive eupnoea and cough in the cat. J. Physiol. 534, 565–581.
Barillot, J.C., Grélot, L., Reddad, S., and Bianchi, A.L. (1990) Discharge patterns of laryngeal motoneurones in the cat: An intracellular study. Brain Res. 509, 99–106.
Bartlett, D.J. (1986) Upper airway motor systems. In N.S. Cherniack and J.G. Widdicombe (Eds.), Handbook for physiology (pp. 223–245). Bethesda, MD: The American Physiological Society.
Berkowitz, R.G., Sun, Q.-J., and Pilowsky, P.M. (2005) Congenital bilateral vocal cord paralysis and the role of glycine. In Annals of otology, rhinology and laryngology (pp. 494–498). Annals Publishing Company.
Bieger, D. and Hopkins, D.A. (1987) Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla oblongata in the rat: The nucleus ambiguus. J. Comp. Neurol. 262, 546–562.
Dean, J.B., Czyzyk-Krzeska, M., and Millhorn, D.E. (1989) Experimentally induced postinhibitory rebound in rat nucleus ambiguus is dependent on hyperpolarization parameters and membrane potential. Neurosci. Res. 6, 487–493.
Dick, T.E., Baekey, D.M., Paton, J.F.R., Lindsey, B.G., and Morris, K.F. (2009) Cardio-respiratory coupling depends on the pons. Respir. Phys. Neurobiol. 168, 76–85.
Dick, T.E., Bellingham, M.C., and Richter, D.W. (1994) Pontine respiratory neurons in anesthetized cats. Brain Res. 636, 259–269.
Dutschmann, M. and Paton, J.F.R. (2002) Glycinergic inhibition is essential for co-ordinating cranial and spinal respiratory motor outputs in the neonatal rat. J. Physiol. 543, 643–653.
Dutschmann, M. and Herbert, H. (2006) The Kolliker-Fuse nucleus gates the postinspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle to control inspiratory off-switch and upper airway resistance in rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24, 1071–1084.
Ezure, K. and Manabe, M. (1988) Decrementing expiratory neurons of the Botzinger complex. II. Direct inhibitory synaptic linkage with ventral respiratory group neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 72, 159–166.
Ezure, K. and Tanaka, I. (2006) Distribution and medullary projection of respiratory neurons in the dorsolateral pons of the rat. Neuroscience 141, 1011–1023.
Gauthier, P., Hilaire, G., and Monteau, R. (1983) Onset and control of expiratory laryngeal discharge: Cross-correlation analysis. Respir. Physiol. 54, 67–77.
Haji, A., Takeda, R., and Remmers, J.E. (1992) Evidence that glycine and GABA mediate postsynaptic inhibition of bulbar respiratory neurons in the cat. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 2333–2342.
Hayakawa, T., Takanaga, A., Maeda, S., Ito, H., and Seki, M. (2000) Monosynaptic inputs from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the laryngeal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus of the rat. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 202, 411–420.
Hilaire, G. and Gauthier, P. (1983) Central respiratory drive and recruitment order of phrenic and inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons. Respir. Physiol. 51, 341–359.
Horner, R.L., Kozar, L.F., and Phillipson, E.A. (1994) Tonic respiratory drive in the absence of rhythm generation in the conscious dog. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 671–680.
Milligan, C.J., Edwards, I.J., and Deuchars, J. (2006) HCN1 ion channel immunoreactivity in spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Brain Res. 1081, 79–91.
Nunez-Abades, P.A., Portillo, F., and Pasaro, R. (1990) Characterisation of afferent projections to the nucleus ambiguus of the rat by means of fluorescent double labelling. J. Anat. 172, 1–15.
Onimaru, H., Ikeda, K., and Kawakami, K. (2009) Phox2b, RTN/pFRG neurons and respiratory rhythmogenesis. Respir. Physiol. & Neurobiol. 168, 13–18.
Ono, K., Shiba, K., Nakazawa, K., and Shimoyama, I. (2006) Synaptic origin of the respiratory-modulated activity of laryngeal motoneurons. Neuroscience 140, 1079–1088.
Pierrefiche, O., Haji, A., Bischoff, A., and Richter, D.W. (1999) Calcium currents in respiratory neurons of the cat in vivo. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 438, 817.
Richardson, M.A. and Adams, J. (2005) Fatal apnea in piglets by way of laryngeal chemoreflex: Postmortem findings as anatomic correlates of sudden infant death syndrome in the human infant. Laryngoscope 115, 1163–1169.
Shiba, K., Nakazawa, K., Ono, K., and Umezaki, T. (2007) Multifunctional laryngeal premotor neurons: Their activities during breathing, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing. J. Neurosci. 27, 5156–5162.
Smith, J.C., Abdala, A.P.L., Koizumi, H., Rybak, I.A., and Paton, J.F.R. (2007) Spatial and functional architecture of the mammalian brain stem respiratory network: A hierarchy of three oscillatory mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 3370–3387.
Sun, Q.-J., Berkowitz, R.G., and Pilowsky, P.M. (2005) Response of laryngeal motoneurons to hyperventilation induced apnea in the rat. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 146, 155–163.
Sun, Q.-J., Berkowitz, R.G., and Pilowsky, P.M. (2008) GABA a mediated inhibition and post-inspiratory pattern of laryngeal constrictor motoneurons in rat. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 162, 41–47.
Surges, R., Sarvari, M., Steffens, M., and Els, T. (2006) Characterization of rebound depolarization in hippocampal neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 348, 1343–1349.
Waldbaum, S., Hadziefendic, S., Erokwu, B., Zaidi, S.I.A., and Haxhiu, M.A. (2001) CNS innervation of posterior cricoarytenoid muscles: A transneuronal labeling study. Respir. Physiol. 126, 113–125.
Yajima, Y., Hayakawa, T., and Hayashi, Y. (1997) Evidence for GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition in ambiguous motoneurons. Acta Otolaryngol. (Suppl.) 532, 132–134.
Acknowledgements
Supported by the Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation, NHMRC (457069, 457080) and MQRES scholarship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bautista, T.G., Burke, P.G., Sun, QJ., Berkowitz, R.G., Pilowsky, P.M. (2010). The Generation of Post-Inspiratory Activity in Laryngeal Motoneurons: A Review. In: Homma, I., Onimaru, H., Fukuchi, Y. (eds) New Frontiers in Respiratory Control. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 669. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5692-7_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5692-7_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5691-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5692-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)