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Fish anesthesia: effects of the essential oils of Hesperozygis ringens and Lippia alba on the biochemistry and physiology of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

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Abstract

The anesthetic activities of the essential oils (EOs) of Hesperozygis ringens (EOHR) and Lippia alba (EOLA) and their effects in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after anesthesia and recovery were investigated. Fish (32.19 ± 1.24 g) were submitted to one of the following treatments for each EO: basal group, control, or anesthesia (150, 300, or 450 μL L−1 EO). After that the anesthesia was induced or simulated and the biometric measurements were completed, fish were transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria to allow for recovery. Fish were sampled at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 240 min after recovery. At time 0 of recovery, the ventilatory rate was lower in the groups anesthetized with either EO. In comparison with the basal group, control fish showed an increase in plasma glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Na+ levels and a reduction in Na+/K+-ATPase activity at 0 min of recovery. Plasma levels of ammonia and Na+ were lower in the fish anesthetized with EOLA (450 μL L−1) and EOHR (all concentrations), respectively, than in the control fish. Additionally, lactate, AST, alanine aminotransferase, K+ plasma levels, and gill Na+/K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase activities were higher in the fish anesthetized with either EOHR or EOLA than in the control fish. The EOs promoted slight changes in silver catfish that enabled both an adaptive response and the recovery of most of the measured parameters after 240 min regardless of concentration or EO that was used. These findings support the use of EOHR and EOLA as anesthetics for fish.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by research funds from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS/PRONEX), Ministério da Pesca/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia/FINEP and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq). B. Baldisserotto and A.G. Becker received research and Ph.D. fellowships from CNPq. C. Toni, L.L. Silva, C.G. Pinheiro, and L.N. Simões received Ph.D. fellowships from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Cândida Toni, Lenise de Lima Silva & Berta Maria Heinzmann

  2. Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biodiversity, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Larissa Novaes Simões

  3. Post-Graduation Program in Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Carlos Garrido Pinheiro & Berta Maria Heinzmann

  4. Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Braulio Otomar Caron

  5. Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Alexssandro Geferson Becker & Bernardo Baldisserotto

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  1. Cândida Toni
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  8. Bernardo Baldisserotto
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Correspondence to Bernardo Baldisserotto.

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Toni, C., Becker, A.G., Simões, L.N. et al. Fish anesthesia: effects of the essential oils of Hesperozygis ringens and Lippia alba on the biochemistry and physiology of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Fish Physiol Biochem 40, 701–714 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9877-4

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