Featured LetterFlavonoids mediated ‘Green’ nanomaterials: A novel nanomedicine system to treat various diseases – Current trends and future perspective
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Metal nanomaterials are known to have immense applications in the field of agriculture, energy, environment, and medicine [1]. Different kinds of physical, chemical, and biological methods have been reported for the synthesis of metal nanomaterials [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Metal nanomaterials are highly biocompatible and possess various pharmacological activities. Thus, biosynthesis and characterization of metal nanomaterials are in limelight till date [7]. Interestingly, plant based ‘Green’ synthesis of nanomaterials has drawn great attention due to its cost-effective, eco-friendly, non-pathogenic, rapid, and also efficiency in the treatment process. In addition, “Green” synthesis provides a single step technique as well as trouble-free to scale up for large synthesis.
Section snippets
Plant based metal nanomaterials
Since ancient times, plants have been used as natural remedies for curing many physiological disorders in traditional eastern medicine, particularly Indian and Chinese. The ‘Green’ synthesis of copper (Cu), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), and zinc nanoparticles (ZiNPs) using plant resources had been previously reported in literatures [8]. The plant based metal nanoparticles (MNPs) showed excellent antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic,
Pharmacological importance of flavonoids
Flavonoids, a large class of secondary plant metabolites, are utilized for human health care due to their biological and pharmacological activities [16]. They share a common carbon skeleton of two benzene rings joined by a 3-carbon bridge (C6-C3-C6), as shown in Fig. 1. The subclasses of flavonoids mentioned are anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones [17]. Flavonoids are used to treat many pathological conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, cardiovascular
FMN and their biomedical efficacy
Table 1 illustrates the detail of flavonoids involved in the MNPs synthesis and their biomedical efficacy. Recently, our group found the total flavonoids present in the Alternanthera tenella and Coriandrum sativum leaf extracts majorly involved in AgNPs synthesis; and showed antiacne, antidandruff, and antibreast cancer efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes, Malassezia furfur, and human breast adenocarcinoma cells, respectively [5], [15]. Zuas et al. [21] reported that the water soluble
Mechanism of nanomaterial formation by flavonoids
Few studies have proposed the possible mechanism for flavonoids interaction with metal ions to nanomaterial formation (Table 1). According to Raghavan et al. [34], the hydroxyl groups present in the B and C rings of kaempferol may participate in the AuNPs formation. Further, the A ring of kaempferol coated on the surface of AuNPs may be responsible for the radical scavenging activity. Nazeruddin et al. [44] reported the formation of enol form of the luteolin which freely liberates reactive
Dual function of FMN to treat various diseases
As mentioned above, flavonoids find a wide range of applications. However, flavonoids impede their bioactivity in vivo applications, due to their low absorption, poor stability, insolubility, passive diffusion, and active efflux in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [47]. Interestingly, novel drug delivery system using nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications offer a new therapeutic base for scientific integration and innovation. Recent literatures proved that metal based nanomaterials
Conclusions and future perspective
Recently, there is a surge and focus of activity on preparation and characterization of flavonoids based nanomaterials in various capacities using the ‘Green’ synthesis. Detailed research is warranted on mechanistic evaluation of the flavonoid-metal-complexes in solution and in vivo. Modern research is now focused on developing single molecule based nano-conjugates and some of these formulations have promising potential in nanomedicine. Overall it appears that even though there has been
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21273081, 21673085, 61405062, and 61675071), the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2013B051000074), the Pearl River Nova Program of Guangzhou (201710010010), Joint International Research Laboratory of Optical Information, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province (Shenzhen University).
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