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GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI

Year 2022, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 38 - 49, 30.03.2022

Yiğitalp Kara Mehmet Çivici Uygar Kartum Rosa Maria Flores Rangel

https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.927084

Abstract

The quantity of air pollutants has been increasing dramatically because of the high-energy consumption and usage of transportation systems triggered by the industrial revolution. In addition, the development of technology, high demand for conventional sources, unplanned urbanization, and rapid growth of population are some of the most important factors for the increase of particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the last 20 years in Turkey. Ağrı, which is a rural province having more high plateau areas and agricultural lands than residential areas, is less affected by these factors compared to developed cities. In this work, variations of PM10 and SO2 concentrations were evaluated from January to December of 2018. Overall, it was found that SO2 concentrations were well below the regulations, and the majority of the air pollution in Ağrı was due to PM10. Also, Concentrations of PM10 were higher than expected due to the location of the station. Hourly PM10 and SO2 concentrations ranged as 9.4-179.7 and 1.4-39.4 µg/m³, with average values of 52.1 and 8.3 µg/m³, respectively. According to the Turkish Aerosol Quality Index (AQI) daily PM10 concentrations were 51% in the “good” class, 44% in the “moderate” class, and 5% in the “sensitive” class. While SO2 measurement values were 100% in the “good” class in 2018. According to the results obtained in this work, it is recommended that more efforts are done to decrease emissions of PM10 throughout the year, and particularly during the heating season.

Thanks

We would like to thank the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization of Turkey and Turkish State Meteorological Service for providing the air quality and meteorological data. We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Hüseyin TOROS who gave us support for conducting this study.

References

  • [1] Kara, Y., Kahya, C., Öztopal, A. (2019). Marmara Bölgesi İçin Uydu Verileri Kullanılarak PM10 Tespiti, Conference Paper: IV. Meteorolojik Uzaktan Algılama Sempozyumu 11-15 Kasım, Antalya. Retrieved from: http://uzalmet.mgm.gov.tr/tammetin/2019/16.pdf [Access Date: June 26, 2020]
  • [2] T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2018). Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri. Retrieved from https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/ [Access Date: June 27, 2020]
  • [3] Chatto, V., Roychowdhury, A., Shukla, S. (2016). Reinventing Air Quality Monitoring: Potential of low cost alternative monitoring methods. Doi :10.13140/RG.2.2.3 6357.55525.
  • [4] Demirarslan, K., Akıncı, H. (2016). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Partikül Madde Dağılımlarının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Yardımıyla Belirlenmesi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.29373
  • [5] Yatkin, S., Bayram, A. (2007). İzmir Havasindaki Partikül Madde Kirliliği: Ölçüm Ve Değerlendirme. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi , 9 (2) , 15-27. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/d eumffmd/issue/40864/493366
  • [6] Flores, R. M., Kaya, N., Eşer, Ö., Saltan, Ş. (2017). The effect of mineral dust transport on PM10 concentrations and physical properties in Istanbul during 2007–2014. Atmospheric Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.009
  • [7] Erdun, H., Öztürk, A., Çapraz, Ö., Toros, H., Dursun, S., Deniz, A. (2015). Spatial Variation of PM10 in Turkey. Conference Paper: VII. Atmospheric Science Symposium, 28, 30 April 2015, İstanbul.
  • [8] Akyürek, Ö., Arslan, O., Karademir, A. (2013). SO2 ve PM10 Hava Kirliliği Parametrelerinin CBS ile Konumsal Analizi: Kocaeli Örneği . 4. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi (pp.1-12). Ankara, Turkey
  • [9] Sari, M. F., & Esen, F. (2019). PM10 Ve SO2 Konsantrasyonları Ve Meteorolojik Parametrelerin Konsantrasyonlar Üzerine Etkileri. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.598226
  • [10] Dolar, A., Saraç, H. (2015). Investigation of Air Quality with PM10 in the Eastern Provinces of Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 5 (4), 25-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jist/issue/15546/385188
  • [11] Ağrı İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. (n.d). Ağrı İlinin Coğrafi Konumu. Retrieved from https://agri.ktb.g ov.tr/TR-103446/cografi-konumu.html [Access date 24.06.2020]
  • [12] Yazgan, Ş., Kadanalı, E. (2012). Ağrı İlinin Kırsal Turizm Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2012 (1), 5-10. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kmusekad/issue/10214/125524
  • [13] Korkusuz, T. (2015). Ağrı İlinin İdari Coğrafya Analizi.Coğrafya'ya Adanmış Bir Ömür .Edition: 1.Publisher: Pegem
  • [14] Kaya, F. (2014). Doğu Anadolu Karasal İkliminin Belirgin Olarak Yaşandığı Yörelerden Biri Olan Ağrı İlinin İklim Özellikleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2330
  • [15] MGM. (2016). Köppen İklim Sınıflandırmasina Göre Türkiye İklimi. Retrieved from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/iklim_siniflandirmalari/koppen.pdf [Access Date: 17/06/ 2020]
  • [16] Başarsoft. (n.d). Ağrı İli Fiziki Haritası. Retrieved from: https://www.basarsoft.com.tr/harita-nedir/ [Access Date: 14.06.2020]
  • [17] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (n.d) “Ulusal Hava Kalite İzleme Ağı” Retrieved from https://www.havaizleme.gov.tr [Access Date: 14.06.2020]
  • [18] EPA Air Pollution Training Institute. (2014). Sulfur Dioxide Measurement Principles and Calibration Procedures. Retrieved from https://www.apti-learn.net/lms/register/display_document.aspx?dID=673. [Access date: 17/06/2020]
  • [19] California Air Resources Board. (2018). Standart Operating Procedure For Determination of PM10 Mass by Gravimetric Analysis. Retrieved from: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/aaqm/sop/mld016. pdf. [Access Date: 17/06/2020]
  • [20] Van Den Elshout, S., Léger, K., & Heich, H. (2014). CAQI common air quality index - update with PM2.5 and sensitivity analysis. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.060
  • [21] Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2017). Ankara Çevre Düzeni Planı Açıklama Raporu (Report No. 2038). İmar ve Şehircilik Dairesi Başkanlığı. Retrieved from https://anka ra.bel.tr/Plan_Aciklama_Raporu/plan_aciklama_raporu.html [Access Date: 17/06/2020]

GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI

Year 2022, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 38 - 49, 30.03.2022

Yiğitalp Kara Mehmet Çivici Uygar Kartum Rosa Maria Flores Rangel

https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.927084

Abstract

The quantity of air pollutants has been increasing dramatically because of the high-energy consumption and usage of transportation systems triggered by the industrial revolution. In addition, the development of technology, high demand for conventional sources, unplanned urbanization, and rapid growth of population are some of the most important factors for the increase of particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the last 20 years in Turkey. Ağrı, which is a rural province having more high plateau areas and agricultural lands than residential areas, is less affected by these factors compared to developed cities. In this work, variations of PM10 and SO2 concentrations were evaluated from January to December of 2018. Overall, it was found that SO2 concentrations were well below the regulations, and the majority of the air pollution in Ağrı was due to PM10. Also, Concentrations of PM10 were higher than expected due to the location of the station. Hourly PM10 and SO2 concentrations ranged as 9.4-179.7 and 1.4-39.4 µg/m³, with average values of 52.1 and 8.3 µg/m³, respectively. According to the Turkish Aerosol Quality Index (AQI) daily PM10 concentrations were 51% in the “good” class, 44% in the “moderate” class, and 5% in the “sensitive” class. While SO2 measurement values were 100% in the “good” class in 2018. According to the results obtained in this work, it is recommended that more efforts are done to decrease emissions of PM10 throughout the year, and particularly during the heating season.

Keywords

Air Quality Air Pollution Diurnal Variation Seasonal Variation Rural Area Turkey

References

  • [1] Kara, Y., Kahya, C., Öztopal, A. (2019). Marmara Bölgesi İçin Uydu Verileri Kullanılarak PM10 Tespiti, Conference Paper: IV. Meteorolojik Uzaktan Algılama Sempozyumu 11-15 Kasım, Antalya. Retrieved from: http://uzalmet.mgm.gov.tr/tammetin/2019/16.pdf [Access Date: June 26, 2020]
  • [2] T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2018). Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri. Retrieved from https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/ [Access Date: June 27, 2020]
  • [3] Chatto, V., Roychowdhury, A., Shukla, S. (2016). Reinventing Air Quality Monitoring: Potential of low cost alternative monitoring methods. Doi :10.13140/RG.2.2.3 6357.55525.
  • [4] Demirarslan, K., Akıncı, H. (2016). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Partikül Madde Dağılımlarının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Yardımıyla Belirlenmesi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.29373
  • [5] Yatkin, S., Bayram, A. (2007). İzmir Havasindaki Partikül Madde Kirliliği: Ölçüm Ve Değerlendirme. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi , 9 (2) , 15-27. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/d eumffmd/issue/40864/493366
  • [6] Flores, R. M., Kaya, N., Eşer, Ö., Saltan, Ş. (2017). The effect of mineral dust transport on PM10 concentrations and physical properties in Istanbul during 2007–2014. Atmospheric Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.009
  • [7] Erdun, H., Öztürk, A., Çapraz, Ö., Toros, H., Dursun, S., Deniz, A. (2015). Spatial Variation of PM10 in Turkey. Conference Paper: VII. Atmospheric Science Symposium, 28, 30 April 2015, İstanbul.
  • [8] Akyürek, Ö., Arslan, O., Karademir, A. (2013). SO2 ve PM10 Hava Kirliliği Parametrelerinin CBS ile Konumsal Analizi: Kocaeli Örneği . 4. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi (pp.1-12). Ankara, Turkey
  • [9] Sari, M. F., & Esen, F. (2019). PM10 Ve SO2 Konsantrasyonları Ve Meteorolojik Parametrelerin Konsantrasyonlar Üzerine Etkileri. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.598226
  • [10] Dolar, A., Saraç, H. (2015). Investigation of Air Quality with PM10 in the Eastern Provinces of Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 5 (4), 25-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jist/issue/15546/385188
  • [11] Ağrı İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. (n.d). Ağrı İlinin Coğrafi Konumu. Retrieved from https://agri.ktb.g ov.tr/TR-103446/cografi-konumu.html [Access date 24.06.2020]
  • [12] Yazgan, Ş., Kadanalı, E. (2012). Ağrı İlinin Kırsal Turizm Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2012 (1), 5-10. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kmusekad/issue/10214/125524
  • [13] Korkusuz, T. (2015). Ağrı İlinin İdari Coğrafya Analizi.Coğrafya'ya Adanmış Bir Ömür .Edition: 1.Publisher: Pegem
  • [14] Kaya, F. (2014). Doğu Anadolu Karasal İkliminin Belirgin Olarak Yaşandığı Yörelerden Biri Olan Ağrı İlinin İklim Özellikleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2330
  • [15] MGM. (2016). Köppen İklim Sınıflandırmasina Göre Türkiye İklimi. Retrieved from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/iklim_siniflandirmalari/koppen.pdf [Access Date: 17/06/ 2020]
  • [16] Başarsoft. (n.d). Ağrı İli Fiziki Haritası. Retrieved from: https://www.basarsoft.com.tr/harita-nedir/ [Access Date: 14.06.2020]
  • [17] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (n.d) “Ulusal Hava Kalite İzleme Ağı” Retrieved from https://www.havaizleme.gov.tr [Access Date: 14.06.2020]
  • [18] EPA Air Pollution Training Institute. (2014). Sulfur Dioxide Measurement Principles and Calibration Procedures. Retrieved from https://www.apti-learn.net/lms/register/display_document.aspx?dID=673. [Access date: 17/06/2020]
  • [19] California Air Resources Board. (2018). Standart Operating Procedure For Determination of PM10 Mass by Gravimetric Analysis. Retrieved from: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/aaqm/sop/mld016. pdf. [Access Date: 17/06/2020]
  • [20] Van Den Elshout, S., Léger, K., & Heich, H. (2014). CAQI common air quality index - update with PM2.5 and sensitivity analysis. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.060
  • [21] Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2017). Ankara Çevre Düzeni Planı Açıklama Raporu (Report No. 2038). İmar ve Şehircilik Dairesi Başkanlığı. Retrieved from https://anka ra.bel.tr/Plan_Aciklama_Raporu/plan_aciklama_raporu.html [Access Date: 17/06/2020]
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yiğitalp Kara 0000-0002-1527-6064

Mehmet Çivici 0000-0001-5542-0609

Uygar Kartum 0000-0001-5542-0609

Rosa Maria Flores Rangel 0000-0002-0323-4043

Publication Date March 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kara, Y., Çivici, M., Kartum, U., Flores Rangel, R. M. (2022). GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 34(1), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.927084
AMA Kara Y, Çivici M, Kartum U, Flores Rangel RM. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI. JEPS. March 2022;34(1):38-49. doi:10.7240/jeps.927084
Chicago Kara, Yiğitalp, Mehmet Çivici, Uygar Kartum, and Rosa Maria Flores Rangel. “GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 34, no. 1 (March 2022): 38-49. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.927084.
EndNote Kara Y, Çivici M, Kartum U, Flores Rangel RM (March 1, 2022) GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 34 1 38–49.
IEEE Y. Kara, M. Çivici, U. Kartum, and R. M. Flores Rangel, “GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI”, JEPS, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 38–49, 2022, doi: 10.7240/jeps.927084.
ISNAD Kara, Yiğitalp et al. “GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 34/1 (March 2022), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.927084.
JAMA Kara Y, Çivici M, Kartum U, Flores Rangel RM. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI. JEPS. 2022;34:38–49.
MLA Kara, Yiğitalp et al. “GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, vol. 34, no. 1, 2022, pp. 38-49, doi:10.7240/jeps.927084.
Vancouver Kara Y, Çivici M, Kartum U, Flores Rangel RM. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PM10 AND SO2 IN AĞRI. JEPS. 2022;34(1):38-49.