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  • 學位論文

敦煌榆林25窟壁畫研究

Wall Paintings Of The Yulin Cave 25 In Dunhuang

指導教授 : 崔成宗

摘要


中國的壁畫發展源流遠長,敦煌石窟將佛經內容以壁畫形式呈現,一方面表現了佛法的義理精神,一方面也為融入中國文化的人文思想,表現了宏大的場景和豐富的內容,累積了從魏晉南北朝至元朝一千多年的作品,豐富而多彩,敦煌文化的研究現已列為國際顯學。榆林窟屬於敦煌石窟群,環境幽美,具備了薰陶藝術情思的地理條件,而其中榆林25窟壁畫,一如其他敦煌石窟群一樣,目的是為了標榜和宏揚宗教信仰而產生的。然而相較於其他石窟,其獨特之處在於其壁畫風格相當成熟,顯已脫離圖案裝飾性的範疇,謝稚柳描敘此窟「亦天寶時畫,……俱極美好,燦然若新。莫高窟四百餘窟,未有完好若此者,經變中山水樹木,莫高窟第三十六窟晚唐畫,實濫觴於此。」段文杰則盛讚為「中國佛教藝術的瑰寶」。可見其作品精湛動人,吸引了敦煌學者的目光,也造就了畫壇巨匠。即便筆者才疏學淺,對於壁畫的繪製過程僅一知半解,但對於其所呈現之懾人心弦的美麗畫作與卓越的藝術技巧,仍極為欽佩與傾心,也因此引發筆者研究探討榆林25窟壁畫的動機,並希望藉由壁畫的研究增進對中國文化美學的意涵的認識與了解。 敦煌榆林25窟壁畫不僅是繪畫藝術不朽的典範,其中更富含中國社會、文化各層面之價值。故25窟開窟之初也許僅係單純宣揚佛教之作品,但能夠令世人的心靈產生相當震撼的作品,絕非僅僅為了單純的信仰崇拜的功用而存在的,「只有當某種人工製作的物質對象以其形體存在訴諸人的此種情感本體時,亦即此物質形體成為審美對象時,藝術品才現實地出現和存在。」筆者認為它具有美的理想,是一門獨特藝術,故應以審美觀點去探究壁畫之藝術表現所蘊含的精神、創作特色及內在核心本質。 總括本文所要處理的問題主要為以下三點:25窟壁畫圖像的基本意涵及可能展現的文化特徵與信仰現象為何?中國繪畫風格如何影響25窟壁畫?25窟壁畫的藝術內涵及審美特質為何? 有關本論文的架構,首先針對敦煌榆林窟地理位置、歷史人文背景及佛教的發展始末進行初步討論與說明;其次則就窟內的配置、佛典的根源與意涵進一步探討,以說明所代表的宗教教義;接著就25窟的藝術表現方式分成人物形象、線條色彩、結構構圖與空間布局等面向析述。透過對文獻的爬梳與整理,建構出榆林25窟的文化美學意義與價值。 感謝成宗老師對論文結構指導、內容修正提點,並殷殷叮囑,循循善誘,使我得以順利完成論文。加上口試委員周益忠老師及殷善培老師的指導使我的論文能更完整。也非常感謝我的家人在寫作期間給我的關懷和體諒,給予我源源不絕的動力泉源。研究期間的所學與經歷帶給我更豐富與完整的人生。

關鍵字

榆林 25窟 壁畫

並列摘要


The development of Chinese wall paintings has a long history. The Dunhuang Grottoes presented the content of the Buddhist scriptures in the form of wall paintings. It not only demonstrated the spirit of the Buddhism but also integrate into the humanistic ideas of Chinese culture,therefore, it represented a grand scene and rich content. The works from the Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty have been rich and colorful for more than a thousand years. The study of Dunhuang culture has now been listed as an international manifestation. The Yulin Cave belongs to the Dunhuang Grottoes and has a beautiful environment. They have the geographical conditions for the artistic conception of the pottery, and among them, the frescoes of the Yulin Cave 25 are just like other Dunhuang Grottoes, the purpose of construction is to flaunt and promote religious beliefs. However, compared to other caves, its uniqueness lies in the fact that its fresco style is quite mature, and it has departed from the category of decorative patterns. Xie Zhiliu described this cave, “panted in the Tianbao years of Tang Dynasty, is well-preserved and beautiful among more than four hundred Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes.It’s the origin of the 36th Cave of the Mogao Grottoes in the late Tang Dynasty”This is what Duan Wenjie praised as "a treasure of Chinese Buddhist art." It shows that the work is extremely exquisite, attracting the eyes of Dunhuang scholars, and also creating great masters of the artistic circles. Even though I have little talent and less learning,only know a little about the process of drawing the wall paintings, but I still admire and cherish the beautiful paintings and excellent artistic skills. This led me to study and explore the motives of the frescoes in the Yulin Cave 25, and expect that the study of wall paintings will enhance the understanding of the meaning of Chinese cultural aesthetics. Wall paintings of the Yulin cave 25 in Dunhuang are not only examples of the immortality of the art of paintings, they are even more valuable in all aspects of Chinese society and culture. Therefore, at the beginning of building, perhaps purely aimed to promote Dharma, but the work so stunning were not merely for the simple function of worship, “Only when some man-made material object has recourse tothe human body in its form, that is, when the physical formbecomes the aesthetic object, the artworks appear and existrealistically.” I believe that there is an ideal of beauty in the paintings and unique art, so it should be probe into the spirit, creative features and internal core nature from the aesthetic point of view. In summary, the main issues to be addressed in this paper are the following three points: What are the basic meanings of the wall paintings of the Yulin cave 25 and the possible cultural features and religious beliefs? How does Chinese painting style affect the work? What is the artistic connotation and aesthetic quality? Regarding the structure of this paper, I will first discuss and explain the location of the the Yulin cave 25, the historical and cultural backgrounds, and the development of Buddhism. Then further discuss the origins and meanings of the configurations within the cave and the origins of the Buddhist scriptures. The religious doctrines; followed by the artistic expression of the 25 cave is divided into character images, line colors, structural composition and spatial layout of the four parts of the analysis. Through the combing and sorting of documents, the cultural aesthetic significance and value of the 25 caves in Yulin were constructed. I am so grateful to teacher Tsui for instruction on the structure of the dissertation and the contents of the amendments. Together with the guidance of the oral test committee members professor Chou Yi-Chun and Yin shan-pei, my paper can be more complete.Also thank my family for their care and understanding during writing and have gived me an endless source of energy.

並列關鍵字

Yulin cave25 painting

參考文獻


一、 圖錄
敦煌研究院編:《中國石窟藝術:榆林窟》(南京:江蘇美術出版社,2014年)。
敦煌研究院編:《安西榆林窟》(北京:文物出版社,2012年)。
敦煌研究院編:《敦煌石窟藝術:榆林窟第二十五窟附第一十五窟(中唐)》(南京:江蘇美術出版社,1993年)。
敦煌研究院編:《榆林窟藝術》(南京:江蘇美術出版社,2014年)。

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