先秦敘史文獻「敘事」與「體式」隅論－以晉「欒式之滅」為例

本文以春秋時代晉國「欒氏之滅」為論述重心，分析此一事件在先秦、漢初各類敘史文獻中之不同詮釋面向與意義，並探論敘事立場／意圖，對敘事文獻「體式」之影響與互涉，藉以呈顯先秦敘史文獻之多樣面貌。本文由「敘事」與「體式」兩方面切入，〈一〉扼要說明「欒氏之滅」之傳世與出土文獻略況，及本文之研究方法。〈二〉、〈三〉兩節以「敘事」較為豐贍之《左傳》、《國語》為主，先分別比較《左》、《國》對「欒氏之滅」敘事包含情節鋪陳、人物形象與可能的主題觀點－之異同，指出二書雖在細微情節上有所不同，然在各種觀點之論述中，各自展現了不同面貌的「真實」。〈四〉進一步擴及先秦至漢初各類敘史文本－包含傳世文獻與出土文獻－探討不同敘事內容與敘事體式之關係，並以近期出版之《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（貳）．繫年》之性質為重點：先綜論《春秋》、《左傳》、《國語》、《史記》與《清華簡．繫年》等書敘事與體式之差異，指出《繫年》的「大事紀」性質實與《春秋》「編年記事」之體有所不同；再由《公羊》、《穀梁》、《呂氏春秋》、《尸子》等涉及「欒氏之滅」之先秦、漢初文獻，舉例論述諸書性質與體式之異，期能照見先秦至漢初各種不同敘史文獻之特色，呈顯敘事與體式之關係。

關鍵字

敘事；體式；《左傳》；《國語》；《清華簡．繫年》

並列摘要

This paper attempts to analyze how ”the fall of the Luan clan” of the Jin state (晉「欒氏之滅」) is interpreted in various historiographical documents in pre-Qin and early Han periods, and discusses the association between the genre and the narrator's viewpoint and intention of those particular documents. The paper compares the differences in narrative-including aspects of plot, character image, theme, and viewpoint-between the ”Zuo Commentary” and ”Sayings of the States”, indicating that the two books, though only slightly different in plot, represent ”realities” of diverse views. It discusses in what way the content is associated with the genre in the narrative of the pre-Qin and early Han historiographical texts, both archaeological findings and textual records, with particular emphasis on ”The Chronicles” in ”Tsinghua Bamboo Slips II”. By comparing the ”Spring and Autumn Annals”, the ”Zuo Commentary”, ”Sayings of the States”, ”Records of the Grand Historian”, and ”The Chronicles”, the paper points out that ”The Chronicles” is of a different genre from the ”Spring and Autumn Annals”. The paper ends by focusing on pre-Qin and early Han historiographical documents regarding ”the Fall of the Luan clan,” such as the ”Gongyang Commentary”, ”Guliang Commentary”, ”The Annals of Lu Buwei”, ”Shizi”, etc. By illustrating the differences in genre among the books aforementioned, the present study expects to explain the relationship between narrative and genre in historiographical texts from pre-Qin to early Han periods.