Coseismic effects of the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake in 2011 on the crustal movement of Yishu fault zone and its bilateral areas
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摘要:
2011年日本MW9.0地震（简称日本地震）后沂沭断裂带及其两侧地区地震活动显著增强，研究日本地震对该地区地壳运动及地震潜势的影响十分必要.为此，本文通过112个连续GPS观测站获取了研究区高空间分辨率的日本地震同震形变场并得到如下认识：（1）8个定点地球物理观测的同震响应验证了本文同震形变场的可靠性；日本地震的东向拉张使研究区整体上处于张性同震应变状态，但存在局部挤压区域，其中莱州湾至海州湾的挤压条带穿过沂沭断裂带并对断裂带南北两段产生了不同的同震作用，对南段具有拉张作用，对北段产生挤压作用；（2）同震形变场在鲁东隆起和鲁西断块产生了显著的剪应变，地震b值显示上述区域的构造应力在日本地震后增强，因此同震形变场可能改变了这些区域的应力特征；（3）地震矩张量叠加分析显示，同震形变场短期内对鲁西断块、鲁东隆起区和沂沭断裂带南段累积了地震矩，可能有助于上述区域在日本地震以后的地震活动增强；日本地震对沂沭断裂带北段的地震矩具有释放作用，或许是该区域地震活动减弱的原因.
Abstract:After the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake in 2011, the seismic activity in Yishu fault zone and its bilateral areas increased significantly, it is necessary to study the influence of the MW9.0 earthquake on crustal movement and earthquake potential in this area. Therefore, coseismic deformation field of the MW9.0 earthquake with high spatial resolution was obtained through 112 continuous GPS observation stations in the study area and the following understanding was revealed: (1) Coseismic response of 8 fixed-point geophysical observations verified the reliability of the coseismic deformation field in this paper; Eastern extension by the MW9.0 earthquake lead to the study area a state of extensional coseismic strain on the whole, but there was still some compression region there. The compression strip from Laizhou bay to Haizhou bay passed through the Yishu fault zone and had different coseismic effects on north and south sections of the fault zone, with a tensile effect on south section and a compressive effect on north section. (2) The coseismic deformation field produced significant shear strain in East Shandong uplift and West Shandong fault block, and seismic b-value showed that tectonic stress there increased after the MW9.0 earthquake, so the coseismic deformation field may have changed the stress characteristics of these areas; (3) Seismic moment tensor overlay analysis shows that the coseismic deformation field has accumulated seismic moments on West Shandong fault block, East Shandong uplift and south section of Yishu fault zone in a short period of time, which may help to accelerate the release of seismic activity after the MW9.0 earthquake in the above areas; Meanwhile the MW9.0 earthquake released the seismic moment in north section of Yishu fault zone, which may be reason for the weakening of seismic activity in this area.
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图 1
研究区构造及地震活动分布.图中黑色实线为断裂，YSF表示沂沭断裂带，F1至F5为沂沭断裂带组成断裂，LKF为聊城—兰考断裂带，PWF为蓬莱—威海断裂带；黄色虚线为新构造单元分界；粉色三角形为陆态网络站点；左上插图蓝色矩形框表示研究区域，红色五角星为日本地震震中，黄色实线为活动地块划分(张培震等，2003)；右上图为2007至2016年研究区ML0以上地震月频次曲线
Figure 1.
Tectonics setting and earthquake distribution in the study area. Black lines represent faults, where YSF represents Yishu fault zone which is made up of F1—F5, LKF represents Liaocheng-Lankao fault zone, PWF represents Penglai—Weihai fault zone; Yellow dotted lines represent boundary of tectonic units; Pink triangles represent CMONOC sites; Blue rectangle box in the upper left illustration gives position of the study area, red five-pointed star represents epicenter of the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake, yellow full lines represent the division of active blocks (Zhang et al., 2003); Illustration at upper right is monthly seismic frequency above ML0 in the study area during 2007—2016
图 2
永久同震位移提取方法(a)及应用实例(b)
Figure 2.
Extraction method (a) and application examples (b) of permanent coseismic displacement
图 3
同震位移及背景速度场.(a)绿色箭头为背景速度(1999—2009)，蓝色箭头为日本地震同震位移；背景颜色为东向位移，黑色虚线为等值线；误差椭圆的置信区间为95%.(b)同震位移方向统计
Figure 3.
Horizontal coseismic displacement field and background velocity field. (a) Background velocity is represented as green arrows and coseismic displacement represented as blue arrows; Background color represents eastward coseismic displacement, black dotted line represents contour line. The confidence interval of error ellipse is 95%; (b) Azimuth statistics of coseismic displacement
图 4
研究区的应变(率)场.背景颜色表示面应变(率)，交叉箭头为主应变(率)矢量.(a)日本地震前背景应变率场(1999—2009)；(b)日本地震同震应变场
Figure 4.
Strain (rate) field in the study area. Background color represents dilatation strain (rate) and crossed arrows represents principal strain (rate) vector. (a) Background strain rate field before the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake; (b) Coseismic strain field caused by the MW9.0 earthquake
图 6
研究区应变及井水位观测记录的日本地震同震响应.中间的GPS应变分布图同图 4b，定点地球物理观测用填色圆圈标于其上，黑色表示压性，白色表示张性，并用黑色虚线指向其观测曲线图，各观测信息见表 2
Figure 6.
Coseismic response of the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake recorded by strainmeters and well water level observations in the study area. The GPS strain field in the middle is same as Fig. 4b, on which fixed-point geophysical observations are marked as filled circles, black represents pressure and white represents tension. Black dotted lines point to the observation curves, and the information of each fixed-point geophysical observation is shown in Table 2
图 7
日本地震对研究区产生的最大剪应变场.黑色粗虚线所围成的A、B、C、D区域为计算地震b值的区域
Figure 7.
Maximum shear strain field in the study area caused by the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake. A, B, C and D enclosed by thick dotted black lines are areas for calculating seismic b-value
图 8
地震b值和地震矩释放时间曲线.4个子图分别表示图 7中A、B、C、D四个区域的计算结果，图中蓝色曲线表示b值及其误差棒，红色曲线为地震矩释放的常用对数，图中黑色虚线的时间范围为2011-03-11—2013-03-11
Figure 8.
Scanning curves of seismic b-value and released seismic moment. The 4 subgraphs represent respectively the calculation results of regions of A, B, C and D, which are marked in Fig. 7. Blue curves in the subgraphs represent seismic b-value and its error bar, red curves represent common logarithm of released seismic moment, and the time range of black dotted line is 2011-03-11—2013-03-11
图 9
研究区地震矩累积与释放.(a)日本地震之前的地震矩累积率(1999—2010)；(b)日本地震同震时地震矩累积；(c)日本地震之前地震矩释放率(1996—2011)；(d)日本地震之后地震矩释放率(2011—2016)
Figure 9.
Seismic moment accumulation and release in the study area. (a) seismic moment accumulation rate before the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake (1999—2011); (b) coseismic moment accumulation caused by the MW9.0 earthquake; (c) seismic moment release rate before the MW9.0 earthquake (1996—2011); (d) seismic moment release rate after the MW9.0 earthquake (2011—2016)
图 10
日本地震前后研究区地震矩累积和释放状态的叠加分析. (a) n=1a时有效同震地震矩累积；(b) n=3a时有效同震地震矩累积；(c) n=50a时有效同震地震矩累积；(d)震后与震前地震矩的释放速率变化
Figure 10.
Overlay analysis of seismic moment accumulation and release states in the study area before and after the Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake. (a) Effective coseismic moment accumulation when n=1a; (b) Effective coseismic moment accumulation when n=3a; (c) Effective coseismic moment accumulation when n=50a; (d) Change of seismic moment release rate after and before the MW9.0 earthquake
表 1
本文所用GPS数据的相关信息
Table 1.
Information of GPS data used in this paper
观测资料 站数 时间跨度 观测方式 观测机构 中国地壳运动观测网络连续观测站(CMONOC-Ⅰ CORS) 1 1998—2017 30 s采样率，连续观测 中国地震局、总参测绘局、中国科学院、国家测绘局 中国大陆构造环境监测网络连续观测站(CMONOC-Ⅱ CORS) 7 2010—2012 30 s采样率，连续观测 中国地震局、总参测绘局、中国科学院、国家测绘局、中国气象局、教育部 山东省卫星定位连续运行综合应用服务系统(SDCORS) 96 2010—2014 30 s采样率，连续观测 山东省国土测绘院、山东省气象局 山东地壳运动GPS观测网(SDCMGPS) 8 2007—2011 30 s采样率，连续观测 山东省地震局 中国地壳运动观测网络非连续观测站(CMONOC-Ⅰ Campaign) 88 1999—2011 30 s采样率，分别于1999、2001、2004、2007、2009、2011年进行了重复观测，每期每站至少连续观测3天 中国地震局、总参测绘局、国家测绘局 
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表 2
定点地球物理观测的同震响应，表中代码和图 6中的观测标识代码及观测曲线代码一致
Table 2.
Coseismic response of fixed-point geophysical observations, codes in the table are consistent with these of fixed-point geophysical observations and their observation curves in Fig. 6
代码 定点地球物理观测 观测曲线 测项位置GPS面应变属性 与GPS面应变的一致性 同震阶变方向 张压属性 (a) 荣成钻孔体应变1 向上 压性 压性 √ (b) 烟台硐体应变东西分量 向下 张性 张性 √ (c) 昌乐井静水位埋深2 向下(水位上升) 压性 压性 √ (d) 周村井静水位埋深 向上(水位下降) 张性 张性 √ (e) 聊城井静水位埋深 向下(水位上升) 压性 压性 √ (f) 郯城钻孔体应变 向下 张性 张性 √ (g) 莱阳钻孔体应变 向下 张性 张性 √ (h) 青岛钻孔体应变 向下 张性 张性 √ 注：1应变观测曲线上升为压性；2静水位埋深为水面至地面的垂直距离.
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