Open Access, Peer-reviewed
eISSN 2951-3146
    Korean J Community Nutr. 2016 Aug;21(4):344-353. Korean.
    Published online Aug 31, 2016.
    https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.344
    Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
    Original Article

    Recommended Intake and Dietary Intake of Vitamin A for Koreans by Unit of Retinol Activity Equivalent

    Youngnam Kim
      • Department of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Korea.
    • Corresponding author: Youngnam Kim. Department of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, 250, Taeseongtabyeon-ro, Gangnaemyeon, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28173, Korea. Tel: (043) 230-3709, Fax: (043) 231-4087, Email: youngnam@knue.ac.kr
    Received June 27, 2016; Revised July 25, 2016; Accepted August 16, 2016.

    This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Objectives

    New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A.

    Methods

    Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied.

    Results

    RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were <100% RI, 267~668 RE from 1969 to 2001. From 2005, vitamin A intake had increased to >700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male.

    Conclusions

    When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.

    Keywords
    IU; RE; RAE; recommended intake of vitamin A; dietary intake of vitamin A

    Figures

    Fig. 1
    Vitamin A intake from 1969 to 2014 (Data of 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002-2004, and 2006 are not shown because of no survey done)

    Fig. 2
    Vitamin A intake by %RI from 1979 to 2014

    Tables

    Table 1
    Retinol and β-carotene intake for Koreans by RAE unit

    Table 2
    Retinol and carotenoids weight by IU, RE, and RAE unit

    Table 3
    Criteria for requirement and recommended intake establishment of vitamin A for Korean adults

    Table 4
    Recommended intake of vitamin A for Korean adults in RDA (DRI)

    Table 5
    Recommended intake ratio of retinol and β-carotene in RDA (DRI) for Korean adults

    Table 6
    Recommended intake of vitamin A by RAE unit

    Table 7
    Vitamin A intake of Korean adults by RAE unit applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio of 13% and 87%

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    MeSH Terms
    Adult
    Carotenoids
    Female
    Humans
    Korea
    Male
    Nutrition Surveys
    Nutritional Status
    Recommended Dietary Allowances
    Vitamin A*
    Vitamins*
    Metrics
    Share
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    Tables
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