Published online Aug 20, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.190070
IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs Are Detectable in Human Spermatozoa
,1
Rosita A. Condorelli,1
Sandro La Vignera,1
Catia Bellucci,2
Giovanni Luca,2
Riccardo Calafiore,2
and Aldo E. Calogero1
Abstract
Purpose
Oligozoospermia is highly prevalent worldwide. Studies have reported a lower methylation rate in the H19 differentially methylated region at the sperm level in oligozoospermic patients than in controls. IGF2/H19 are the best-known pair of imprinted genes. However, no studies have yet evaluated whether they are transcribed in human sperm. To assess whether IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs are present in human sperm and if their levels are correlated with sperm concentration and total sperm count.
Materials and Methods
Sperm samples (n=22) underwent reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction using specific primers to detect IGF2 and IGF1R mRNA levels. They were then correlated with patients' conventional sperm parameters using the Spearman (τ) and Kendall (ρ) rank correlation coefficients.
Results
Statistically significant positive correlations were found between IGF2 mRNA levels and sperm concentration (τ=0.403, p<0.01; ρ=0.587, p<0.005) and total sperm count (τ=0.347, p<0.024; ρ=0.509, p<0.015). IGF1R mRNA levels were positively correlated with sperm concentration (τ=0.595, p<0.001; ρ=0.774, p<0.001) and total sperm count (τ=0.547, p<0.001; ρ=0.701, p<0.001). Apart from IGF1R mRNA and sperm morphology (τ=0.325, p<0.05; ρ=0.461, p<0.05), no additional correlations were found between the levels of these transcripts and other conventional sperm parameters.
Conclusions
IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs were found to be present in human spermatozoa and their transcription levels were positively correlated with sperm concentration and total sperm count. Spermatozoa are the only source of IGF2 mRNA since IGF2 is a paternally-inherited gene. Further studies are needed to evaluate its role in human fertilization.
INTRODUCTION
We recently reviewed the epigenetics of male fertility, mainly focusing on DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and sperm RNAs [1]. Surprisingly, we found a great discrepancy between the tremendous amount of knowledge on DNA methylation and the low level of knowledge on sperm RNAs. Although several studies have investigated the impact of sperm DNA methylation on male fertility and sperm count [2], very little is known about sperm RNAs in this regard [1].
Thousands of different RNAs (including coding and non-coding RNAs) have been detected in human spermatozoa [3]. As indicators of sperm transcriptional activity [4, 5], RNAs in these cells likely derive from unmethylated or hypomethylated genes, which the transcriptional apparatus can access [1]. Several genes have been found to be differentially methylated in infertile patients compared to controls, and the most investigated pair of differentially methylated genes is H19/IGF2 [2]. H19 codes for a non-coding RNA involved in the suppression of IGF1R expression [6], while IGF2 codes for the homonymous growth factor insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). They are both located on chromosome 11p15.5, and represent the first historically characterized pattern of imprinted genes [7].
In greater detail, H19 is a maternally-inherited gene (meaning that it is expressed by the maternal allele), while IGF2 is a paternally-inherited gene (meaning that it is expressed by the paternal allele). H19 and IGF2 share common enhancers downstream to H19. Their transcription is regulated by the H19 differentially methylated region (DMR), which is upstream to H19. In the maternal allele, the H19 DMR is unmethylated. This prevents access to the IGF2 enhancer, thereby allowing H19 expression and inhibiting IGF2 expression. Contrastingly, in the paternal allele, H19 is methylated. This promotes IGF2 expression and inhibits that of H19 [1, 8].
In humans, fetal spermatogonia are mostly unmethylated in the H19 DMR, but this region is strongly methylated in mature spermatogonia [9]. Experimental findings have shown that the H19 DMR methylation rate influences human sperm count, since a lower methylation rate occurs at the sperm level in oligozoospermic patients than in normozoospermic controls [10, 11]. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown.
No study has so far evaluated whether the H19 and IGF2 genes are transcribed at the sperm level and if their level of transcription is related to sperm count. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence, if any, of IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs in human spermatozoa and, if present, to assess possible correlations with conventional sperm parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Patients
Twenty-two semen samples from Caucasian patients attending the Andrology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania for semen analysis were consecutively recruited. Since this was an exploratory study aimed at assessing whether IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs were detectable in human sperm, no exclusion criteria were adopted. The clinical history of each recruited patient was carefully collected.
2. Ethics statement
This study was approved by the Intradivisional Ethics Committee of the Andrology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration for medical research involving human subjects
3. Sperm analysis
Semen samples were collected by masturbation into a sterile container after 2 to 7 days of sexual abstinence and were transported immediately to the laboratory. Each sample was evaluated for conventional sperm parameters according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria [12].
4. RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
Semen samples were diluted with phosphate-buffered saline to ~106 spermatozoa/mL and underwent osmotic shock to eliminate the non-gamete component, as described elsewhere [13]. Total RNA was extracted with TRIzol® Reagent (Life Technologies, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration and purity were determined using an Eppendorf Biophotometer. cDNA reverse transcription was carried out for each sample using a cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific Maxima First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), according to the manufacturer's instructions (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
The reverse and forward primers were as follows: IGF2, forward primer 5′-CCCGTGGGCAAGTTCTTCC-3′, reverse primer 5′-CGCTGGGTGGACTGCTTC-3′; IGF1R, forward primer 5′-CAAGCCTGAGCAAGATGATTC-3′, reverse primer 5′-GAACTTATTGGCGTTGAGGTATG-3′; actin, forward primer 5′-ACCTTCTACAATGAGCTGCG-3′, reverse primer 5′-TCCATCACGATGCCAGTGGTA-3′.
Briefly, total RNA was extracted from samples using the TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies) and quantified by reading the optical density at 260 nm. In particular, 2.5 µg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed (RT) (Thermo Scientific) to a final volume of 20 µL. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed using 25 ng of the cDNA prepared by RT and a SYBR Green Master Mix (Stratagene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), in an Mx3000P cycler (Stratagene), using FAM for detection and ROX as the reference dye. The mRNA level of each sample was normalized against β-actin mRNA and expressed as fold changes versus the levels in the sample with the lowest sperm count.
5. Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the distribution of the variables. The Spearman (ρ) and Kendall (τ) rank correlation coefficients were used to investigate the associations between gene expression and conventional sperm parameters, as appropriate. A p<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. The results are expressed as mean±standard deviation.
RESULTS
The patients enrolled in this study were 32.1±9.3 years (range, 15–54 years). They underwent semen analysis for the following reasons: an andrological check-up (n=14), varicocele (n=6), premature ejaculation (n=1), and infertility (n=1). Most of the patients were not interested in fertility at the time of counseling. None of them had genetic abnormalities.
The conventional sperm parameters of each patient and their mean values are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Conventional sperm parameters of the semen samples
IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs were both detectable at the sperm level. We found a positive correlation between IGF2 and IGF1R mRNA levels (ρ=0.8, p<0.001; τ=0.6, p<0.001). IGF2 and IGF1R mRNA levels were analyzed in relation to sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm progressive and total motility, and sperm morphology. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between IGF2 mRNA levels and sperm concentration (Fig. 1A) and between those levels and total sperm count (Fig. 1B). In addition, IGF1R mRNA levels were positively correlated with sperm concentration (Fig. 1C) and total sperm count (Fig. 1D). With the exception of IGF1R mRNA and sperm morphology, no additional correlations was found between the levels of these transcripts and other conventional sperm parameters (Table 2).
Fig. 1
Correlation analysis of sperm IGF2 and IGF1R mRNA levels with sperm concentration and count. Sperm IGF2 mRNA levels were positively correlated with (A) sperm concentration (τ=0.403, p<0.01; ρ=0.587, p<0.005) and (B) total sperm count (τ=0.347, p<0.024; ρ=0.509, p<0.015) (n=22). Sperm IGF1R mRNA levels were positively correlated with (C) sperm concentration (τ=0.595, p<0.001; ρ=0.774, p<0.001) and (D) total sperm count (τ=0.547, p<0.001; ρ=0.701, p<0.001) (n=22).
Table 2
Results of the correlation analysis
Among the entire cohort, on the basis of total sperm count, two groups could be identified: group 1 (n=5; age: 29.6±8.2 years), consisting of patients with a total sperm count <39 million/ejaculate and group 2 (n=17; age: 32.9±9.7 years), comprising those with a total sperm count ≥39 million/ejaculate. Group 1 showed lower sperm concentration, total sperm count, and sperm progressive and total motility compared to group 2 (Table 3). Both IGF2 (1.7±0.9 vs. 3.6±1.5, p<0.05) and IGF1R (1.8±0.6 vs. 3.3±1.2, p<0.05) mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in group 1 than group 2.
Table 3
Conventional sperm parameters of the semen samples
DISCUSSION
Oligozoospermia is defined as an abnormally low sperm concentration and total sperm count. According to the WHO (2010) criteria [12], the cut-offs for oligospermia are 15 million spermatozoa/mL and 39 million spermatozoa/ejaculate, respectively. Oligozoospermia is highly prevalent worldwide. Recently, a retrospective study esteemed its prevalence to be up to 22% and that of azoospermia to be as high as 12%, among a cohort of 117,979 cases [14]. Furthermore, meta-regression studies have shown a drastic decrease in sperm count with increasing age [15]. The reasons for this decline are not fully understood.
We found that IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs were detectable in human spermatozoa and that their levels were associated with human sperm count. Indeed, they were both correlated positively with sperm concentration and total sperm count. In addition, although our analysis was limited to a small cohort, patients with oligozoospermia (group 1) had lower IGF2 and IGF1R mRNA expression levels than those with a normal sperm count (group 2). These results seem to be in reasonable agreement with evidence showing a lower H19 DMR methylation rate in oligozoospermic patients than in controls [10, 11]. In fact, lower levels of methylation are known to promote H19 transcription (with a negative impact on IGF1R expression [6]) and to halt transcription of the IGF2 gene [1, 8]. In turn, this inevitably decreases both IGF2 and IGF1R mRNA sperm levels [1]. However, we did not evaluate H19 DMR methylation in our samples. Therefore, whether this is the mechanism underlying our findings has yet to be demonstrated.
IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs may influence sperm count through the action of their derived proteins as growth factors. IGF2 is an IGF1R stimulatory ligand [16]. Growth factors belonging to the IGF family are secreted by Sertoli cells [17] and may be involved in the promotion of progression through the cell cycle, thereby impacting the number of spermatogonia and, therefore, the final sperm number [18, 19].
IGF1 was found to promote the differentiation of spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes in cultures from newt testis [20]. In a recent analysis of seminal concentrations of human growth hormone (GH) and IGF1, a positive correlation between the IGF1-GH coefficient and sperm morphology was reported [21]. This finding suggests that IGF1 may play a role in human spermatogenesis and is in accord with the positive correlation between IGF1R mRNA and sperm morphology found in the present study.
Several studies have investigated the protein composition of the seminal plasma and of ejaculated germinal cells in recent years, resulting in the identification of thousands of proteins, the function of which is not always entirely clear [22, 23, 24]. IGF1R protein expression in human spermatozoa has been reported, and this protein is known to be involved in sperm capacitation [20]. In contrast, IGF2 protein expression in spermatozoa has never been investigated, and properly designed studies should therefore be carried out to evaluate its expression. Irrespective of protein expression, sperm RNA has been suggested to play a role in human embryogenesis, since it is carried into the oocyte and then transcribed, thereby influencing embryo growth [25, 26, 27]. In agreement with this hypothesis, murine studies demonstrated that in the absence of RNA, sperm cells failed to fertilize oocytes [28, 29, 30]. This finding reinforces the role of sperm RNAs in fertility, especially of RNAs coming from paternally imprinted genes. Since IGF2 is paternally inherited, the only source of IGF2 mRNA is the spermatozoon, and low levels may therefore compromise fertilization.
CONCLUSIONS
We found that IGF2 and IGF1R are transcribed in human spermatozoa and that the levels of their transcripts are positively related to the amount of sperm. Further studies are needed to investigate whether IGF2 mRNA levels may have an impact on fertility. These findings may shed light on new diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in the field of male infertility.
Conflict of Interest:The authors have nothing to disclose.
Author Contribution:
Conceptualization: RC, AEC.
Data curation: RAC.
Formal analysis: CB.
Investigation: SLV.
Project administration: AEC.
Resources: AEC, GL, RC.
Software: CB.
Supervision: AEC.
Writing—original draft: RC.
Writing—review & editing: RC, AEC.
Data Sharing Statement
The data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.
References
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World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
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Nakayama Y, Yamamoto T, Abé SI. IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin promote differentiation of spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes in organ culture of newt testes. Int J Dev Biol 1999;43:343–347.
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