Raiarctus variabilis D'Addabbo Gallo, Grimaldi

103. Raiarctus variabilis D’Addabbo Gallo, Grimaldi de Zio & Morone De Lucia, 1986

Raiarctus variabilis n. sp. (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1986)

R. variabilis D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1986 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1987)

Raiarctus variabilis D’Addabbo Gallo et al., 1986 (Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 1987, D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1989, 2001, Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 2001)

Raiarctus variabilis (Sandulli et al. 1999)

Raiarctus variabilis D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1986 (Accogli et al. 2011)

Terra typica: Ionian Sea (Italy, Europe)

Adriatic Sea:

• 42°08′N, 15°29′E [42°07′N, 15°30′E]; 5–10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, I Pagliai, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°28′E; 3 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Murene, the middle of the cave, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°28′E; 2 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Murene, the end of the cave, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 42°06′N, 15°28′E; 2–4 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta Zio Cesare, cave Grotta delle Murene, 0–10 cm depth, 80% coarse organogenic sand, 3% silt and clay, (mean diameter = 0.125 mm). Sandulli et al. (1999), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°29′E; 9 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, ca. 10 m from the cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°29′E; 7 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, ca. 20 m from the cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°29′E; 5 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, internal opening, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06′N, 15°29′E; 5–10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta Zio Cesare, cave Grotta delle Viole, 0–10 cm depth, 80% coarse organogenic sand, 3% silt and clay, (mean diameter = 0.125 mm). Sandulli et al. (1999), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40 ° 27.24′N, 18°14.63′E [40°22′N, 18°20′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ceisne (Marne protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 27.17′N, 18°14.58′E [40°22′N, 18°20′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ceisne (Marne protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

Indian Ocean:

• 04°15′N, 72°49′E; 19 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Ari Nord Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 03°57′N, 73°25′E; 5 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Male Sud Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 03°29′N, 72°47′E; 58 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Ari Sud Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

Ionian Sea:

• 39°52′27′′N, 16°43′25′′E; 38/ 40 m bsl: [FAO37] Type Locality: Italy, Cosenza Province, Amendolara bank, coarse coralligenous debris. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1986)

• 39°52′27′′N, 16°43′25′′E; 50/ 57 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Cosenza Province, Amendolara bank, coarse coralligenous debris. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1986)

• 39°52′00′′N, 16°42′30′′E; 20–200 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Cosenza Province, High Ionian Sea offshore, Calabrian Coast, Amendolara Shoal, coralligenous sand, coralligenous sand mixed with debris, coarse medium or fine coralligenous sand (few samples). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1987), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 39 ° 51.41′N, 18°23.75′E ; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39 ° 51.26′N, 18°23.55′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39 ° 50.14′N, 18°06.45′E ; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre Mozza (industry for fish processing), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

Mediterranean Sea:

• 35°54′N, 14°32′E; 41 m bsl: [FAO37] Republic of Malta, SE coast of Malta, Sicily Channel, 1.75 km SE of the entrance of Grand Harbour and 1.4 km NW of the coastal settlement Xghajra, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

Tyrrhenian Sea:

• 40°20′30′′N, 09°40′15′′E; 21–> 80 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia Island, Nuoro Province, Orosei Gulf, pure sand, coastal organogenic debris, coralligenous debris mud or Posidonia seagrass meadows. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1989), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 38°36′N, 14°55′E; 40 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Secca del Capo, coralligenous bank, subtidal zone, coarse coralligenous detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 38°32′N, 14°50′E [38°33′N, 14°50′E]; 1–5 and 40 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Salina Island, Rinella, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

Record numbers (Sea/Ocean classification): Adriatic Sea: 10, Indian Ocean: 3, Ionian Sea: 6, Mediterranean Sea: 1, Tyrrhenian Sea: 3; total: 23.

Record numbers (FAO classification): FAO37: 20, FAO51: 3; total: 23.

Remarks: This is a northern hemisphere species with a largely Mediterranean basin based distribution, but it has also been reported from the Maldives, Indian Ocean. This subtidal species has been reported from different types of sand and sediments, and also in marine caves.