Cerithidea quoyii Hombron & Jacquinot 1848

Cerithidea quoyii (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848)

(Figures 2 D, 11, 12B–J)

Cerithium obtusum — Adams & Reeve, 1848: 43 –44, pl. 13, fig. 3a, b (not Lamarck, 1822).

Cerithium quoyii Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848: pl. 23, figs 6, 7

(Singapour [Singapore]; lectotype here designated

Hombron & Jacquinot 1848: pl. 23, fig. 6). Rousseau, 1854: 97.

Cerithidea quoyii — Reid et al., 2013: figs 1 (phylogeny), 2 (map).

Cerithium truncatum — Reeve, 1860: 124 (not Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1833; not Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834; description is a copy of Adams & Reeve, 1848: 43 –44).

Cerithidea quadrata G.B. Sowerby II, 1866: Cerithidea sp. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5

(Malacca [Melaka, Malaysia]; 3 syntypes NHMUK 20130228, Fig. 12D–G, seen).

Tapparone-Canefri, 1874: 144 –145. Morlet, 1889: 144. Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: 410 – 411 (in part, includes C. dohrni). Van Benthem Jutting, 1956: 435 –436, fig. 107. Poutiers, 1998: 454, fig. (in part, includes C. dohrni, C. andamanensis). Swennen et al., 2001: 111, fig. 294. Dharma, 2005: 92, pl. 21, fig. 4a, b. Ng et al., 2008: 72 (living animal). Reid et al., 2008: 680 –699, figs 1, 2 (phylogeny). Mujiono, 2009: 54, fig. 1G. Hamli et al., 2013: 412 –418, fig. 2d.

Potamides (Cerithidea) obtusa var. quadrata — Tryon, 1887: 161, pl. 33, fig. 63.

Cerithium (Cerithidea) quadratum — Kobelt, 1890a: 45 –46, pl. 9, fig. 8 (Cecalupo 2005: pl. 31, fig. 7).

Potamides (Cerithidea) quadratus —von Martens, 1897a: 187 –188, pl. 9, fig. 23; pl. 10, fig. 4 (head) (in part, includes C. anticipata).

Potamides quadratum — Prashad, 1921: 495 –496.

Cerithidea (Cerithidea) quadrata — Brandt, 1974: 193, pl. 14, fig. 53. Thach, 2007: 60, pl. 9, fig. 182.

Potamides (Cerithidea) rhizophorarum — Tryon, 1887: 162, pl. 33, fig. 62 (in part, includes C. rhizophorarum; not A. Adams, 1855; as rhizoporarum).

Cerithidea rhizophorarum — Van Regteren Altena, 1945: 145 (synonymy fide Van Benthem Jutting 1956; not A. Adams, 1855)

Cerithidea obtusa —Ng & Sivasothi, 1999: 106, figs (not Lamarck, 1822).

Cerithidea (Cerithideopsis) pliculosa — Cecalupo, 2005: 316, pl. 31, fig. 7 (not Menke, 1829).

Cerithidea (Aphanistylus) charbonnieri — Cecalupo, 2006: 133, 186, 233 (not Petit de la Saussaye, 1851; in part, includes C. charbonnieri).

Taxonomic history. It is curious that the valid name for this species, introduced by Hombron & Jacquinot in 1848 (see Taxonomic History of C. anticipata for discussion of date of publication) has been so long neglected. It was erroneously listed in the synonymy of C. rhizophorarum by Tryon (1887). It was mentioned under C. quadrata by von Martens (1897a), perhaps unaware of its priority; it does not appear to be a preoccupied name. Since then it has not been mentioned until resurrected by Reid et al. (2013). Despite this relative obscurity, the conditions for reversal of precedence (ICZN 1999: Art. 23.9) in favour of the more widely-used C. quadrata are not met in this case. There is a specimen labelled as a syntype of Cerithium quoyii in MNHN (MNHN 25693; Fig. 12 A), but this is not the shell figured by Hombron & Jacquinot (1848: pl. 23, figs 6, 7) and it bears a label ‘Borneo’, whereas the type locality was given as ‘Singapour’. Furthermore, the shell more closely resembles C. dohrni from the Philippines, so its identification as a syntype is not accepted. The original figure and type locality are, however, sufficient to define the species unambiguously.

For most of its history this species has been known under the name C. quadrata. It is not clear why Sowerby (1866) ignored the earlier name, when he considered another of Hombron & Jacquinot’s (1848) new taxa, C. kieneri, to be valid.

Diagnosis. Shell: broad, spire convex, whorls flattened, periphery angled; aperture flared, anterior canal and apertural projection well developed; 14–32 axial ribs on penultimate whorl, 3–6 weakening ribs after ventrolateral varix; ventrolateral varix an enlarged rib at 240–270°; 7 spiral cords on spire, 6–9 cords and threads above periphery on last whorl; brown with darker spiral cords. Southeast Asia, Borneo, Java. COI GenBank HE680230, HE680231, HE680233 –680235, AM932771, AM932772.

Material examined. 58 lots.

Shell (Fig. 12 A–J): H = 24.1–45 mm (52 mm, Brandt 1974). Shape elongated conical, usually relatively broad (H/B = 2.11–2.69, SH = 2.37–3.17); decollate, 6–9 whorls remaining; spire whorls flattened to weakly rounded, suture indistinct; spire profile usually convex; periphery usually strongly angled; thin to moderate thickness. Adult lip flared, slightly thickened; apertural margin planar in side view; strong anterior projection adjacent to deep notch of anterior canal. Sculpture on spire of straight to slightly curved (opisthocyrt) axial ribs, narrowly rounded, interspaces 1–1.5 times width of ribs, rarely 1 rib enlarged as a varix on spire, 14–32 ribs on penultimate whorl, 3– 6 distant ribs after ventrolateral varix, weak or absent on final 0.25 whorl, only faint axial wrinkles on base; spire whorls with 7 spiral cords, approximately equal in width to interspaces, often increased by interpolation of 1–3 narrow threads on last 1–2 whorls to give 6–9 spiral cords and threads above periphery on last whorl; base with (10)12–15 spiral threads, outermost is peripheral cord of same size as primary cords above and raised as a keel. Ventrolateral varix a strongly enlarged rib at 240–270°, forming an anteriorly projecting boss at periphery. Surface with fine spiral microstriae on periostracum, strongest on spiral cords. Colour: brown, spiral cords darker brown except for 2–3 pale cords at shoulder (giving appearance of pale spiral band); aperture pale brown, spiral lines showing through.

Animal (Fig. 2 D): Head and base of tentacles pinkish grey with cream spots; anterior half of snout blackish, sometimes with a few yellow spots, if black pigment is less intense then snout and tentacle bases appear more strongly pink; tentacles pale grey with black rings; sides of foot grey, blackish anteriorly, with small yellowish cream spots; sole of foot grey, pinkish towards margin; mantle pale pinkish grey (based on ethanol-preserved specimens). Adams & Reeve (1848) described and illustrated a light brown snout with three longitudinal, broad, opaque yellow lines, the central one longest and reaching nearly to the tip where it is bifid, the foot light pinkish brown mottled with dark brown and the sole lilac.

Range (Fig. 11): S Vietnam, E Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, S Sulawesi. Records: Vietnam: Ninh Phu, 25 km N Nha Trang (NHMUK 20010373); Vung Tau (ANSP 330752). Cambodia: Kampot (Morlet 1889). Thailand: Chantaburi R. (RMNH; AM C.79266; USNM 794072); Koh Taluei (USNM 361191). Malaysia: Leban Condong, Pahang (AM C.124469); Klang, Selangor (NHMUK); Koyong Hujan, Sarawak (USNM 673304); Uglam Hujung, Kudat, Sabah (NHMUK 20130247); Sandakan, Sabah (USNM 666744; ANSP 295506). Brunei: Sungai Ayam Ayam, Brunei Bay (NHMUK). Singapore: Pulau Ubin (NHMUK 20130249; USNM 828821). Indonesia: Pantai Cermin, Deli, Sumatra (RMNH 175798); Pulau Dua, Banten, Java (ANSP 225509); Cilcap, Java (RMNH); Madura (RMNH); Lovina, Bali (ZMB 106180); Balikpapan, Kalimantan (AM C.317961); Makassar, Sulawesi (RNHL 175807; ZMB).

Habitat and ecology. This species can be found up to 1.5 m above the ground on trunks of Rhizophora, Nypa and other mangrove trees, in the middle and landward zones of broad mangrove forests in marine and moderately brackish areas. In Thailand, Brandt (1974) noted that it climbs up trees to feed on algae growing on roots and stems; since other Cerithidea species descend the trees to feed on the ground, this observation may be questioned. In Singapore, Berry (1963) observed it on mangrove trees around MHWN and on the mud surface beneath. In Java, Van Benthem Jutting (1956) found it both in mangrove forests and brackish fish ponds, while Mujiono (2009) observed it up to 1.93 m above the ground on mangroves, including Acanthus ilicifolius.

Remarks. In molecular phylogenetic analyses, this species forms a clade with C. dohrni, but the two are only reciprocally monophyletic in the COI analysis (Reid et al. 2013; Fig. 1). The uncorrected pairwise distance between them for COI is 0.091, which is low for an interspecific comparison in Cerithidea (only the C. anticipata / reidi comparison, 0.076, is lower). There are, however, small but consistent differences in the shells of the two species, which support their recognition as species. A third species in the C. quoyii group, C. andamanensis, shows differences from these others and characters for their discrimination are listed in Table 1. The ranges of C. quoyii and C. dohrni do not overlap, but those of C. quoyii and C. andamanensis just meet in NE Sumatra (Fig. 11).

Over most of its range, C. quoyii is found with C. obtusa (Fig. 8). The latter is a broader, heavier shell with rounded periphery and the animal has a predominantly red, rather than blackish, body (Fig. 2 B, D). Both are used for food in Southeast Asia (Brandt 1974; Hamli et al. 2013).