Integrating Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy in Game Design

Video games have been known to increase the levels of player’s
motivation. This initiated the emergence of serious games and gamification to
exploit game elements and mechanics for increasing the motivation in non-game
contexts. The research reported in this paper used psychological theories of Self-
Determination Theory (SDT) and Self-Efficacy Theory (SET) to design three
versions of a game. The first version was based on SDT, the second on SET and
the third version was based on a combination of these two theories. The
objective is to investigate the impact of each game design on the user motivation
and performance. An experiment of playing the games designed with these
features was conducted. Surprisingly, the results on the objective evaluation
revealed that there is no significant difference among the groups in terms of
engagement and performance. Furthermore, these findings were confirmed by
the results on the subjective evaluation of player’s perceived motivation, which
showed no significant difference between the three experimental conditions.