PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
I. Introduction
The incidence after implants after implant placement is 10%1. The intra-mobile cylinder implant system (IMZ) is one of the oldest and most widely used systems, and was developed in the early 1970s. It is coated with plasma-sprayed titanium or hydroxyapatite2. However, it can cause various adverse reactions including peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis is generally diagnosed by clinical symptoms, such as probing depth, bleeding on probing, presence of pus, and thread exposure3,4,5,6. Various clinical protocols for the treatment of peri-implantitis have been proposed, including mechanical debridement, use of antibiotics, surgical procedures, and regenerative therapy. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical method to increase the height of the alveolar ridge using plates, screws, and lead rods. DO is indicated for patients with severe atrophy of alveolar bone. This case report describes the successful treatment of peri-implantitis and reconstruction of alveolar bone by DO and eventual placement of new implants.
II. Case Report
A 53-year-old male patient has visited the Department of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (Seongnam, Korea) since 2004. The chief reason for his first visit was to restore mandibular posterior missing teeth. Two IMZ implants (Friatec, Mannheim, Germany) had been placed on the #31 and #41 areas in 1997 at another dental clinic. After finishing the restoration of the implants #31i and #41i, the patient had no regular follow-up visits. Therefore, clinical symptoms related to peri-implantitis and radiolucent appearance around the implants were not observed.
Four years after his first visit to our clinic, where he was treated with IMZ at 46i and 47i, he complained of discharge of pus on #31i and #41i in Oct 2008. The probing pocket depth of #31i was 10 mm. A panoramic radiograph showed a radiolucent lesion at the apex of #31i. Although, the #31i was almost floating, there was no mobility of the #41i.(Fig. 1. A-D) The patient stated that pus and swelling occurred occasionally. He did not feel discomfort at the site. However, the implants were abnormal based on his symptoms and radiologic analysis. Since the patient strongly wished for only symptomatic improvement, surgical debridement was performed.
Periodontal flap surgery was performed at the inflammatory site in December 2008. Four months later, both mobility and the apical radiolucent lesion were decreased. Then, supportive maintenance therapy (SPT) with professional cleaning was carried out every 6 months for 3 years. However, the patient visited our dental clinic with symptoms of pain and pus again in May 2011. Implant removal was decided in December 2012. In addition, the two lateral incisors adjacent to the implants were strategically removed in March 2013 for a prosthodontic issue.(Fig. 1. E, 1. F). Severe vertical and horizontal alveolar bone defects were observed after implant removal.
For bone augmentation and new implant placements, a bone grafting procedure using a titanium mesh and bovine bone was performed on the healed site after removal. However, the regenerated bone volume was insufficient to place implants both vertically and horizontally. Therefore, we planned vertical augmentation with DO. The exact height of bone loss was determined by computed tomography (CT).(Fig. 1. G-J)
In September 2013, DO was performed under general anesthesia with naso-endotracheal intubation. A vestibular incision was placed after infiltration with local anesthesia. The osteotomy site was exposed with subperiosteal dissection, and trapezoidal osteotomy was made on the anterior mandible site. A minimum of 4 mm of bone was preserved to maintain sufficient blood supply. Before transporting the bone segment, a 2 mm hole was drilled through the crestal mucosa and bone for placement of the lead screw. The rods were aligned according to the proposed distraction vector (Lead System, vertical alveolar distraction; KLS Martin, Freiburg, Germany). Furthermore, the distractors were applied on the transport and basal segments with 2 micro plates and 8 screws. The transport segment was placed on the most basal portion, and the mucoperiosteal flap was closed with 4-0 vicryl sutures.(Fig. 2. A-F)
Postoperative instructions for the patient included a soft diet and oral hygiene with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse. Sutures were removed 7 days after surgery. The distraction protocol involved a latency period of 7 days. Distraction was started at a daily rate of 0.6 mm (two activations of 0.3 mm a day). The consolidation period was 3 months.(Fig. 2. G, H)
After the consolidation period, a crestal incision was placed and the distractor was removed from the DO site with local anesthesia. Two implants (NR Line, Dentium, Seoul, Korea) were inserted on the previous lateral incisor area in December 2013. Bone graft materials (Osteon; Genoss, Suwon, Korea) were applied on the implants with a resorbable membrane (Bio-Arm; ACE Surgical Supply Company Inc., Brockton, MA, USA).(Fig. 3. A-G)
The prosthetic restoration of the implants was performed 4 months after the osseointegration. Implant abutments were designed with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) to have equi-gingival margins for easier removal of residual cement. The pontic of the prosthetic restoration was designed so that it did not place excessive pressure on peri-implant tissue to prevent inflammation. To avoid food retention, the implant abutment-pontic embrasure space was kept closed. For better oral hygiene, professional plaque control was provided regularly using superfloss silk. Clinical and radiologic follow-up periods were 3 to 6 months.(Fig. 3. H)
There was no clinical evidence of infection during the distraction and consolidation period. After 1 month of DO, screw loosening and plate exposure occurred on the transport segment during the distraction period.(Fig. 2. H) Therefore, the two detached screws were removed. Except for screw loosening, there were no complications such as lingual displacement, fracture of the distracted segment, or intraoperative bleeding. The dental implants were therefore successfully inserted. Implant failure did not occur during the osseointegration and loading periods. No severe alveolar bone loss around the implants was observed.
The subject was evaluated by radiograph and CT (1) during the follow-up period before removal of the old implants, (2) just before the DO, (3) after the DO procedure, and (4) at the end of the implant installation. The bone height was measured on the most mesial, distal, and apical areas of the inserted implants as the distance from the alveolar crest to the inferior margin of the mandible. To identify the criteria, the measurement line was perpendicular to the horizontal line connecting the inferior margin of the mandible.(Table 1)
III. Discussion
We set out to reconstruct a previously failed IMZ implant associated with peri-implantitis. To regenerate the defect site, a titanium mesh and bovine bone were applied. Since, the results were not satisfactory due to insufficient alveolar bone gain, a DO procedure was employed on the same site. Sufficient bone height was obtained. New implants were placed on the #32 and #42 missing areas.
In this case, former implants (#31i and #41i IMZ) were eventually extracted due to peri-implantitis. There are several reasons for implant failure7. Although the majority of studies observed that most failures occurred in the posterior sites, several studies showed a higher early implant failure rate in the anterior maxilla and mandible compared with the posterior region8,9. Poor hygiene is another key factor for implant failure. However, this patient visited the dental clinic regularly for SPT. Another report discussed the relative merit of implant designs using cylindrical or threaded implants. Cylindrical implants (IMZ) had a higher failure rate10. Another study found that the IMZ implant system showed favorable function during the first year, but that failure and marginal bone loss increased over time11. A possible contributor to peri-implantitis is the distance between two implants. In this case, the two implants were originally placed with <2 mm between #31i and #41i.
Clinical and experimental research has demonstrated that DO is an efficient method to treat severe alveolar ridge resorption. This procedure can generate new bone between the distracted and basal bone segments12,13,14. Therefore, DO was the proper method to overcome severe vertical and horizontal defects in this patient. The conventional bone graft has limited vertical augmentation capacity when compared to DO in bone quantity and quality. In this case, conventional grafting procedures using bone substitutes and a barrier membrane were not effective prior to DO. Another study noted that onlay bone grafting would implicate a large amount of initial bone resorption (42%)15.
This patient visited our dental clinic 63 times during treatment over 10 years and has undergone professional management of oral hygiene through regular checkups. Other reports mention that good oral hygiene and regular checkups are crucial in preventing implant failure16. In this case, surgical intervention as well as regular checkups with oral hygiene care were insufficient to arrest the progression of peri-implantitis. The symptoms caused by the two implants (#31i, #41i) were included in diagnostic criteria of peri-implantitis5. Even the previous two implants were associated with peri-implantitis and were considered as clinical failures. It is possible that the former implants should have been extracted on the first visit, when the patient was diagnosed with severe peri-implantitis. However, the opinion of the patient is important in the decision for implant removal. The subject strongly objected to removal of the former implants, with the resulting delay in implant extraction. Consequently, surgical treatments were performed to salvage the implants. Radiographic evaluation may not permit observation of small bone changes in the crestal area. Therefore, it is not easy to determine when implants should be removed.
In conclusion, an aggressive regenerative strategy, such as DO, was successful in reconstruction of a peri-implantitis site that was complicated due to horizontal and vertical bone defects. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
XML Download