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Ulus Markalama Kavramına Eleştirel Yaklaşım

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 65, 260 - 273, 23.12.2023

Cihad Doğan

https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1309935

Öz

Ülkelerin de markalaşabileceği düşüncesi İngiliz marka profesyoneli Simon Anholt tarafından “ulus markalama” ismi ile kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Ulus markalama hızla büyüyen ve devletlerce uygulanan son yüzyılın önemli girişimlerinden biridir. Ulus markalama sunduğu yarar çıktılarından dolayı cazip görünmektedir. Ancak ulus markalamanın söylem ve uygulamalarının uzun dönemdeki muhtemel olumsuz etkilerinin öngörülmesi için tartışmaya açılması bir gereksinim olarak kabul edilmelidir. Devletlerin ve akademinin ilgisinin bu alana yoğunlaşmasına karşın, ulus markalamayı eleştirel açıdan inceleyen çalışmaların sayısı kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışma, devletlerin ulus markalama girişimlerinde reklam, halkla ilişkiler ve marka ajansları ile hareket etmelerini neoliberalizm ve ulusal kimlik üzerinden tartışmaya açmaktadır. Devletlerin marka olma arzusunu gerçekleştirmeyi vaat eden ajansların uygulamaları eleştirel görüşlerin çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Ajansların, ulusal değerlere devlet ve halk kadar korumacı yaklaşmaması, ulusu metalaştırma eğilimi, ulusal kimlik ve kültür öğelerinin pazarlama aracı olarak kullanması eleştirilerin temel içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Aynı zamanda milli olma özelliği olan ulus markalamanın, ne denli milli olarak görüleceği konusu vatandaşlık üzerinden incelenmektedir. Ulus markalamanın diğer tarafına bakmak, devleti ve ulusları koruma altına alabileceği gibi kavramın metodolojik ve teorik boyutunun güçlenmesini sağlayacaktır. Eleştirilerin ülkeler tarafından dikkatli bir biçimde değerlendirilmesi, ulus markalamanın ülkelere itibar ve imaj sağlama özelliğinin belirgin kılınmasına, devletleri ve ulusları zedeleyecek girişimlerin önlenmesine imkân tanıyabilecektir. Bu çalışma, ulus markalamayı anti-demokratik olma, neo-liberal politikalar içerme, ulusal kimlik ve değerleri kötüye kullanma başlıklarıyla eleştirel boyutla değerlendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ulus Markalama Anti-Demokratik Ulusal Kimlik Neo-liberal Markalama

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, E. (2008). Ülkelerin ve coğrafi bölgelerin markalaşması [Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi], Ankara Türk Patent Enstitüsü Markalar Dairesi Başkanlığı.
  • Anholt, S. (2004). Branding places and nations. İçinde R. Clifton ve J. Simmons (Editörler), Brands and branding (The economist series). (ss. 213-226). Bloomberg Press.
  • Anholt, S. (2006). Competitive identity, s. The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727
  • Anholt, S. (2008). Place branding, s. Is it marketing, or isn’t it? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000088
  • Anholt, S. (2011). Beyond the nation brand, s. The role of image and identity in international relations. İçinde A. Pike (Editör.), Brands and branding geographies. (ss. 289-301). Edward Elgar Pub. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930842
  • Anholt, S., ve Hildreth, J. (2005). Brand america, s. The mother of all brands (great brand stories series. Cyan Communications.
  • Anthony, S. D. (2014). Milli kimlik (B. S. Şener, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Arkenbout, F. (2015). National identity and nation branding in Argentina [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi], Leiden Üniversitesi Latin Amerika Çalışmaları.
  • Aronczyk, M. (2007). New and improved nations, s. Branding national identity. İçinde C. Calhoun ve R. Sennett (Editörler), Practising culture. (ss. 140-180). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203944950
  • Aronczyk, M. (2008). "Living the brand", s. Nationality, globality and the identity strategies of nation branding consultants. International Journal of Communication, 2, 41-65.
  • Aronczyk, M. (2009). How to do things with brands, s. Uses of national identity. Canadian Journal of Communication, 34, 291–296. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2009v34n2a2236
  • Aronczyk, M. (2013). Branding the nation, s. The global business of national identity. New Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199752164.001.0001
  • Aronczyk, M. (2017). Nation branding, s. A twenty-first century tradition. İçinde C. Viktorin, M. Will, J. Gienow-Hecht ve A. Estner (Editörler), Nation branding in modern history. (ss. 231-242). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04dpw.15
  • Aronczyk, M. (2018). Branding national identity in an unequal world. İçinde F. Wherry ve I. Woodward (Editörler), Oxford handbook of consumption. (ss. 439-453). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695583.013.25
  • Aşkın, M. (2007). Kimlik ve giydirilmiş kimlikler. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 213 – 220.
  • Bayri, H. (2008). Türkiye’de kimlik siyaseti sorunu ve ulusal kimlik (1980 sonrası döneme sosyo-politik bir bakış) [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi], Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Browing, C. (2015). Small-state identities, s. Promotions past and present. İçinde L. Clerc, N. Glover ve P. Jordan (Editörler), Histories of public diplomacy and nation branding in the Nordic and Baltic countries. (ss. 281-300). Brill Nijhoff. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004305496_015
  • Cánepa, G. K. (2013). Nation branding, s. the re-foundation of community, citizenship and the state in the context of neoliberalism in Peru, Medien Journal, 37(3), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.24989/medienjournal.v37i3.116
  • Christensen, C. (2013). @Sweden, s. Curating a nation on twitter. The International Journal of Media and Culture, 11, 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2013.751855
  • Coşkun, B. (2021). Neoliberalizm ve eleştirel kuram, s. Neoliberalizmin teori ve pratik uyuşmazlığı. Sosyoloji Notları, 5(1), 53-76.
  • Dinnie, K. (2008). Nation Branding, s. Concept, Issues and Practice. Butterworth Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003100249
  • Dinnie, K., Melewar, T.C., Seidenfuss, K., ve Musa, G. (2010), "Nation branding and integrated marketing communications, s. an ASEAN perspective", International Marketing Review, 27 (4), 388-403. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331011058572
  • Dzenovska, D. (2005). Remaking the nation of Latvia, s. Anthropological perspectives on nation branding. Place Branding, 1, 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990019
  • Fong, M. ve Chuang, R. (2004). Communicating ethnic and cultural identity. Rowman ve Littlefield Publishing.
  • Gilmore, F. (2002). A Country- can it be repositioned? Spain- the success story of country branding. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4-5), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540078
  • Göka, E. (2006). İnsan kısım kısım, s. Toplumlar, zihniyetler, kimlikler. Aşina Kitaplar.
  • Güran, M. S., ve Yıldız, S. (2022). Ulus markalaşmasında insan ve kültür faktörü, s. Türkiye’de görev yapan yabancı akademisyenler üzerine bir araştırma. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 261-277.
  • Hao, A.W., Paul, J., Trott, S., Guo, C., ve Wu, H.-H. (2021), "Two decades of research on nation branding, s. A review and future research agenda", International Marketing Review, 38(1), 46-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-01-2019-0028
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1990). Nations and nationalism since 1780, s. Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521439612
  • Jansen, S. C. (2008). Designer nations, s. Neo-liberal nation branding- brand Estonia. Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 14(1), 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630701848721
  • Jansen, S. C. (2011). Redesigning a nation, s. Welcome to Estonia, 2001–2018. İçinde N. Kaneva (Editör), Branding post-communist nations, s. Marketing national identities in the “new” Europe. (ss. 79-98). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203806814
  • Jordan, P. (2013). Nation branding, s. A tool for nationalism? Journal of Baltic Studies, 45(3), 283-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2013.860609
  • Kaneva, N. (2011), Nation branding, s. Toward an agenda for critical research. International Journal of Communication, 5, 117-141.
  • Kaneva, N., ve Popescu, D. (2011). National identity lite, s. Nation branding in post-communist Romania and Bulgaria. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 14(2), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877910382181
  • Kaneva, N., ve Popescu, D. (2014). ‘We are Romanian, not Roma’, s. Nation branding and postsocialists discourses of alterity. Communication, Culture ve Critique, 7, 506–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12064
  • Kemming, J. D., ve Humborg, C. (2010). Democracy and nation brand(ing), s. Friends or foes? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6, 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2010.19
  • Kerrigan, F., Shivanandan, M. J., ve Hede, A. (2012). Nation branding, s. A critical appraisal of incredible India. Published in Journal of Marcromarketing, 32(3), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146712445788
  • Köksoy, E. (2015). Kamu diplomasisi perspektifinden ulus markalaması. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 42-61. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.436862
  • Kuus, M. (2002). European integration in identity narratives in Estonia, s. A quest for security. Journal of Peace Research, 39(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039001005
  • Lagos, T. G., Samra, C., Anderson, H., Baker, S., Leung, J., Kincheloe, A., Manning, B., Olivia, D., ve Franchino, H. G. (2020). Narrating hellas, s. Tourism, news publicity and the refugee crisis's impact on Greece's ‘nation-brand’. Journal of Tourism History, 12(3), 275-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2020.1829102
  • Leijerholt, U., Biedenbach, G., ve Hultén, P. (2019). Branding in the public sector, s. a systematic literature review and directions for future research. Journal of Brand Management, 26(2), 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0116-2
  • Mackrell, R. (2013). A new framework, s. The sociotechnical approach to nation branding [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi], Liverpool John Moores Üniversitesi.
  • Nye, J. (2005). Dünya siyasetinde başarının yolu yumuşak güç (R. İnan Ayan, Çev.). Elips Kitap.
  • Olins, W. (1999). Trading identities, s. Why countries and companies are taking on each others' roles. Foreign Policy Centre.
  • Olins, W. (2002). Branding the Nation- the historical context. The Journal of Brand Management, 9, 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540075
  • Olins, W. (2005). Making a national brand. İçinde Melissen, J. (Editör), The New Public Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. (ss. 169-179). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554931
  • Olins, W. (2005a). Wally Olins on brand. Thames ve Hudson.
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A Critical Approach to the Concept of Nation Branding

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 65, 260 - 273, 23.12.2023

Cihad Doğan

https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1309935

Öz

The idea that countries can also be branded was conceptualised as "nation branding" by the British brand professional Simon Anholt. Nation branding is one of the most important initiatives of the last century, growing rapidly and being implemented by states. Nation branding appears attractive due to the beneficial outcomes it offers. However, it should be recognised as a necessity to open the discourse and practices of nation branding for discussion to anticipate its possible negative effects in the long term. Despite the interest of governments and academia in this field, the number of studies that critically examine nation branding is limited. This study discusses states' acting with advertising, public relations, and branding agencies in nation branding initiatives through neoliberalism and national identity. The practices of agencies that promise to realise the desire of states to become brands constitute the starting point of critical views. The main content of the criticism is that the agencies do not approach national values as protective as the state and the people, tend to commodify the nation, and use national identity and cultural elements as marketing tools. At the same time, the issue of how national branding, which has the feature of being national, will be seen as national is analysed through citizenship. Looking at the other side of nation branding will strengthen the methodological and theoretical dimension of the concept as well as protecting states and nations. This study examines nation branding from a critical perspective under the headings of being anti-democratic, including neo-liberal policies, and misusing national identity and values.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nation Branding Anti-Democracy National Identity Neo-liberal Branding

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, E. (2008). Ülkelerin ve coğrafi bölgelerin markalaşması [Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi], Ankara Türk Patent Enstitüsü Markalar Dairesi Başkanlığı.
  • Anholt, S. (2004). Branding places and nations. İçinde R. Clifton ve J. Simmons (Editörler), Brands and branding (The economist series). (ss. 213-226). Bloomberg Press.
  • Anholt, S. (2006). Competitive identity, s. The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727
  • Anholt, S. (2008). Place branding, s. Is it marketing, or isn’t it? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000088
  • Anholt, S. (2011). Beyond the nation brand, s. The role of image and identity in international relations. İçinde A. Pike (Editör.), Brands and branding geographies. (ss. 289-301). Edward Elgar Pub. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930842
  • Anholt, S., ve Hildreth, J. (2005). Brand america, s. The mother of all brands (great brand stories series. Cyan Communications.
  • Anthony, S. D. (2014). Milli kimlik (B. S. Şener, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Arkenbout, F. (2015). National identity and nation branding in Argentina [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi], Leiden Üniversitesi Latin Amerika Çalışmaları.
  • Aronczyk, M. (2007). New and improved nations, s. Branding national identity. İçinde C. Calhoun ve R. Sennett (Editörler), Practising culture. (ss. 140-180). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203944950
  • Aronczyk, M. (2008). "Living the brand", s. Nationality, globality and the identity strategies of nation branding consultants. International Journal of Communication, 2, 41-65.
  • Aronczyk, M. (2009). How to do things with brands, s. Uses of national identity. Canadian Journal of Communication, 34, 291–296. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2009v34n2a2236
  • Aronczyk, M. (2013). Branding the nation, s. The global business of national identity. New Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199752164.001.0001
  • Aronczyk, M. (2017). Nation branding, s. A twenty-first century tradition. İçinde C. Viktorin, M. Will, J. Gienow-Hecht ve A. Estner (Editörler), Nation branding in modern history. (ss. 231-242). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04dpw.15
  • Aronczyk, M. (2018). Branding national identity in an unequal world. İçinde F. Wherry ve I. Woodward (Editörler), Oxford handbook of consumption. (ss. 439-453). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695583.013.25
  • Aşkın, M. (2007). Kimlik ve giydirilmiş kimlikler. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 213 – 220.
  • Bayri, H. (2008). Türkiye’de kimlik siyaseti sorunu ve ulusal kimlik (1980 sonrası döneme sosyo-politik bir bakış) [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi], Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Browing, C. (2015). Small-state identities, s. Promotions past and present. İçinde L. Clerc, N. Glover ve P. Jordan (Editörler), Histories of public diplomacy and nation branding in the Nordic and Baltic countries. (ss. 281-300). Brill Nijhoff. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004305496_015
  • Cánepa, G. K. (2013). Nation branding, s. the re-foundation of community, citizenship and the state in the context of neoliberalism in Peru, Medien Journal, 37(3), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.24989/medienjournal.v37i3.116
  • Christensen, C. (2013). @Sweden, s. Curating a nation on twitter. The International Journal of Media and Culture, 11, 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2013.751855
  • Coşkun, B. (2021). Neoliberalizm ve eleştirel kuram, s. Neoliberalizmin teori ve pratik uyuşmazlığı. Sosyoloji Notları, 5(1), 53-76.
  • Dinnie, K. (2008). Nation Branding, s. Concept, Issues and Practice. Butterworth Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003100249
  • Dinnie, K., Melewar, T.C., Seidenfuss, K., ve Musa, G. (2010), "Nation branding and integrated marketing communications, s. an ASEAN perspective", International Marketing Review, 27 (4), 388-403. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331011058572
  • Dzenovska, D. (2005). Remaking the nation of Latvia, s. Anthropological perspectives on nation branding. Place Branding, 1, 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990019
  • Fong, M. ve Chuang, R. (2004). Communicating ethnic and cultural identity. Rowman ve Littlefield Publishing.
  • Gilmore, F. (2002). A Country- can it be repositioned? Spain- the success story of country branding. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4-5), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540078
  • Göka, E. (2006). İnsan kısım kısım, s. Toplumlar, zihniyetler, kimlikler. Aşina Kitaplar.
  • Güran, M. S., ve Yıldız, S. (2022). Ulus markalaşmasında insan ve kültür faktörü, s. Türkiye’de görev yapan yabancı akademisyenler üzerine bir araştırma. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 261-277.
  • Hao, A.W., Paul, J., Trott, S., Guo, C., ve Wu, H.-H. (2021), "Two decades of research on nation branding, s. A review and future research agenda", International Marketing Review, 38(1), 46-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-01-2019-0028
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1990). Nations and nationalism since 1780, s. Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521439612
  • Jansen, S. C. (2008). Designer nations, s. Neo-liberal nation branding- brand Estonia. Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 14(1), 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630701848721
  • Jansen, S. C. (2011). Redesigning a nation, s. Welcome to Estonia, 2001–2018. İçinde N. Kaneva (Editör), Branding post-communist nations, s. Marketing national identities in the “new” Europe. (ss. 79-98). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203806814
  • Jordan, P. (2013). Nation branding, s. A tool for nationalism? Journal of Baltic Studies, 45(3), 283-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2013.860609
  • Kaneva, N. (2011), Nation branding, s. Toward an agenda for critical research. International Journal of Communication, 5, 117-141.
  • Kaneva, N., ve Popescu, D. (2011). National identity lite, s. Nation branding in post-communist Romania and Bulgaria. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 14(2), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877910382181
  • Kaneva, N., ve Popescu, D. (2014). ‘We are Romanian, not Roma’, s. Nation branding and postsocialists discourses of alterity. Communication, Culture ve Critique, 7, 506–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12064
  • Kemming, J. D., ve Humborg, C. (2010). Democracy and nation brand(ing), s. Friends or foes? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6, 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2010.19
  • Kerrigan, F., Shivanandan, M. J., ve Hede, A. (2012). Nation branding, s. A critical appraisal of incredible India. Published in Journal of Marcromarketing, 32(3), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146712445788
  • Köksoy, E. (2015). Kamu diplomasisi perspektifinden ulus markalaması. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 42-61. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.436862
  • Kuus, M. (2002). European integration in identity narratives in Estonia, s. A quest for security. Journal of Peace Research, 39(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039001005
  • Lagos, T. G., Samra, C., Anderson, H., Baker, S., Leung, J., Kincheloe, A., Manning, B., Olivia, D., ve Franchino, H. G. (2020). Narrating hellas, s. Tourism, news publicity and the refugee crisis's impact on Greece's ‘nation-brand’. Journal of Tourism History, 12(3), 275-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2020.1829102
  • Leijerholt, U., Biedenbach, G., ve Hultén, P. (2019). Branding in the public sector, s. a systematic literature review and directions for future research. Journal of Brand Management, 26(2), 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0116-2
  • Mackrell, R. (2013). A new framework, s. The sociotechnical approach to nation branding [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi], Liverpool John Moores Üniversitesi.
  • Nye, J. (2005). Dünya siyasetinde başarının yolu yumuşak güç (R. İnan Ayan, Çev.). Elips Kitap.
  • Olins, W. (1999). Trading identities, s. Why countries and companies are taking on each others' roles. Foreign Policy Centre.
  • Olins, W. (2002). Branding the Nation- the historical context. The Journal of Brand Management, 9, 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540075
  • Olins, W. (2005). Making a national brand. İçinde Melissen, J. (Editör), The New Public Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. (ss. 169-179). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554931
  • Olins, W. (2005a). Wally Olins on brand. Thames ve Hudson.
  • Özüdoğru, Ş., ve Yüksel, A. H. (2019). Ulus markalama ve beslendiği kaynaklar, s. Bir derleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8 (1), 329-349.
  • Papadopoulos, N., ve Heslop, L. (2002). Country equity and country branding, s. Problems and prospects. Journal of Brand Management, 9, 294-314. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540079
  • Rojas-Méndez, J.I., ve Khoshnevis, M. (2023). Conceptualizing nation branding, s. the systematic literature review. Journal of Product ve Brand Management, 32(1), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-04-2021-3444
  • Surowiec, P. (2021). Between Europeanisation and corporatisation, s. Poland’s nation branding and soft power for public consumption. East European Politics and Societies, 4(23), 1090-1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/088832542095079
  • Szondi, G. (2008). Public diplomacy and nation branding, s. Conceptual similarities and differences. The Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'.
  • Şen, F. (2004). Globalleşme sürecinde milliyetçilik trendleri ve ulus devlet. Yargı Yayınevi.
  • Şimşek, U., ve Ilgaz, S. (2007). Küreselleşme ve ulusal kimlik. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 189 – 199.
  • Van Ham, P. (2002). Branding territory, s. inside the wonderful worlds of PR and IR theory. Millennium, s. Journal of International Studies, 32(2), 249-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829802031002010
  • Volcic, Z., ve Andrejevıc, M. (2011). Nation branding in the era of commercial nationalism. International Journal of Communication, 5(1), 598–618.
  • Wang, J. (2013). Nation branding, s. Perspectives, pratices, and prospects. İçinde J. Wang (Editör), Saping Chinas’s global imagination public diplomacy through communication. (ss. 161-171). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137361721
  • White, C., ve Kolesnicov, I. (2015). Nation branding in a transitional democracy, s. The role of corporate diplomacy in promoting national identity. Place Brand Public Diplomacy, 11, 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2015.13
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim Çalışmaları
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Cihad Doğan 0000-0001-7022-0138

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, C. (2023). Ulus Markalama Kavramına Eleştirel Yaklaşım. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi(65), 260-273. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1309935
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