This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Characterization of Partially Stratified Direct Injection of Natural Gas for Spark-Ignited Engines
Technical Paper
2015-01-0937
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The increased availability of natural gas (NG) in the United States (US) and its relatively low cost compared to diesel fuel has heightened interest in the conversion of medium duty (MD) and heavy duty (HD) diesel engines to NG fuel and combustion systems (compressed or liquefied). The intention is to realize fuel cost savings and reduce harmful emissions, while maintaining or improving overall vehicle fuel economy. This is a potential path to help the US achieve energy diversity and reduce dependence on crude oil.
Traditionally, port-injected, premixed NG spark-ignited combustion systems have been used for medium and heavy duty engines with widespread use in the US and Europe. But this technology exhibits poor cycle efficiency and is load limited due to knock phenomenon. Direct Injection of NG during the compression stroke promises to deliver improved thermal efficiency by avoiding premixing and extending the lean limits which helps to extend the knock limit.
In this study, an optical combustion vessel (CV) chamber was used to capture shadowgraphy images of direct injection of methane fuel under constant upstream pressure for various chamber pressures simulating injection at various injection timings during the compression stroke. The resulting transient turbulent jets were visualized and macroscopic details were determined including; penetration distance, jet tip velocity and enclosed angle for changing chamber pressures. Microscopic details were also observed using Schlieren imaging and observations were made of various downstream flow patterns including; choked flow, normal shock and barrel shock patterns.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Zoldak, P., John Joseph, J., Shelley, W., Johnson, J. et al., "Characterization of Partially Stratified Direct Injection of Natural Gas for Spark-Ignited Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-0937, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0937.Also In
References
- Ouelette , P. and Hill , P. Visualization of Natural Gas Injection for aCompression Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 921555 1992 10.4271/921555
- Hentschel , W. , Homburg , A. , Ohmstede , G. , Müller , T. et al. Investigation of Spray Formation of DI Gasoline Hollow-Cone Injectors Inside a Pressure Chamber and a Glass Ring Engine by Multiple Optical Techniques SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3660 1999 10.4271/1999-01-3660
- Yu , J. , Vuorinen , V. , Hillamo , H. , Sarjovaara , T. et al. An Experimental Study on High Pressure Pulsed Jets for DI Gas Engine Using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1655 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1655
- Hiroyasu , H. and Arai , M. Structures of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 900475 1990 10.4271/900475
- Delacourt E. , Desmet B. , Besson B. Characterization of very high pressure diesel sprays using digital imaging techniques Fuel 84 2005 859 867
- Naber , J. and Siebers , D. Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 960034 1996 10.4271/960034
- Yu , J. , Hillamo , H. , Sarjovaara , T. , Hulkkonen , T. et al. Experimental Study on Structure and Mixing of Low-Pressure Gas Jet Using Tracer-Based PLIF Technique SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0039 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0039
- Yu , J. et al. Experimental investigation of characteristics of transient low pressure wall-impinging gas jet Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2011 318 3 032047
- Rubas , P. , Paul , M. , Martin , G. , Coverdill , R. et al. Methane Jet Penetration in a Direct-Injection Natural Gas Engine SAE Technical Paper 980143 1998 10.4271/980143
- Baert , R. , Klaassen , A. , and Doosje , E. Direct Injection of High Pressure Gas: Scaling Properties of Pulsed Turbulent Jets SAE Int. J. Engines 3 2 383 395 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2253
- Roy , M. , Kawahara , N. , Tomita , E. , and Fujitani , T. High-Pressure Hydrogen Jet and Combustion Characteristics in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 3 1414 1425 2012 10.4271/2011-01-2003
- Salazar , V. and Kaiser , S. An Optical Study of Mixture Preparation in a Hydrogen-fueled Engine with Direct Injection Using Different Nozzle Designs SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 119 131 2010 10.4271/2009-01-2682
- Mohamad , T. , Yusoff , A. , Abdullah , S. , Jermy , M. et al. The Combustion and Performance of a Converted Direct Injection Compressed Natural Gas Engine using Spark Plug Fuel Injector SAE Technical Paper 2010-32-0078 2010 10.4271/2010-32-0078
- Bruneaux , G. , Causse , M. , and Omrane , A. Air Entrainment in Diesel-Like Gas Jet by Simultaneous Flow Velocity and Fuel Concentration Measurements, Comparison of Free and Wall Impinging Jet Configurations SAE Int. J. Engines 5 2 76 93 2012 10.4271/2011-01-1828
- Salazar , V. and Kaiser , S. Influence of the In-Cylinder Flow Field (Tumble) on the Fuel Distribution in a DI Hydrogen Engine Using a Single-Hole Injector SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 309 325 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0579
- Yu , J. , Vuorinen , V. , Kaario , O. , Sarjovaara , T. et al. Characteristics of High Pressure Jets for Direct Injection Gas Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 149 156 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1619
- Ouellette , P. , and Hill , P. G. Turbulent Transient Gas Injections 2000 ASME J. Fluids Eng. 122 743 753
- Toulson , E. , Huisjen , A. , Chen , X. , Squibb , C. et al. Visualization of Propane and Natural Gas Spark Ignition and Turbulent Jet Ignition Combustion SAE Int. J. Engines 5 4 1821 1835 2012 10.4271/2012-32-0002
- Westbrook , C. K. , Di Julio , S. S. , Naber , J. D. , Siebers , D. L. Effects of Natural Gas Composition on Ignition Delay under Diesel Conditions Combustion And Flame 99 192 200 1994
- Papagiannakis , R.G. , Hountalas , D.T. Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a dual fuel compression ignition engine operated with pilot Diesel fuel and natural gas Energy Conversion and Management 45 2004 2971 2987
- Papagiannakis , R.G. , Hountalas , D.T. Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentage on performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel diesel engine Applied Thermal Engineering 23 2003 353 365
- McTaggart-Cowan , G. , Bushe , W. , Rogak , S. , Hill , P. et al. Injection Parameter Effects on a Direct Injected, Pilot Ignited, Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine with EGR SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3089 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3089
- Naber , J. and Siebers , D. Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 960034 1996 10.4271/960034
- Johnson , S. , Nesbit , J. , Lee , S.Y. , Naber , J Premixed Combustion of Acetylene-Hydrogen Fuel Mixtures for Thermodynamic State Generation in A Constant Volume Combustion Vessel Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport 16 2 2009
- EFS IPoD Coil Injector Power Driver-Manual 8427 http://www.injection.efs.fr/en/pdf/power_drivers/ipod_coil_v2.0.pdf 8 2 2014
- O'Keefe Controls Choked Flow of Gases http://www.okcc.com/pdf/choked%20flow%20of%20gases%20pg.48.pdf 9 5 2014
- Goldstein , R.J. Fluid Mechanics Measurements - 2 nd Edition Taylor and Francis 1996 451 508
- Donaldson , J. Reference paper for Free-Jet Images provided by MAE504 1971