Table 1General and lifestyle-related characteristics of the subjects with insulin resistance and without insulin resistance by gender
Variables |
Men
|
Women
|
With insulin resistance (n = 82) |
Without insulin resistance (n = 516) |
p |
With insulin resistance (n=135) |
Without insulin resistance (n = 537) |
p |
Age |
54.5±6.7 |
54.8±6.9 |
0.675 |
54.3±7.2 |
53.5±7.1 |
0.241 |
Family history of type 2 diabetes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
7 (13.7) |
44 (86.3) |
0.998 |
19 (23.5) |
62 (76.5) |
0.420 |
No |
75 (13.7) |
472 (86.3) |
|
116 (19.6) |
475 (80.4) |
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<9 |
51 (11.9) |
378 (88.1) |
0.042 |
117 (20.6) |
452 (79.4) |
0.499 |
≥10 |
30 (18.3) |
134 (81.7) |
|
18 (17.7) |
84 (82.4) |
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Farmer |
66 (14.2) |
398 (85.8) |
0.498 |
71 (17.5) |
334 (82.5) |
0.041 |
Others |
16 (11.9) |
118 (88.1) |
|
64 (24.0) |
203 (76.0) |
|
Living with spouse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
41 (15.4) |
226 (84.7) |
0.294 |
60 (18.3) |
267 (81.7) |
0.273 |
No |
41 (12.4) |
290 (87.6) |
|
75 (21.7) |
270 (78.3) |
|
Monthly expense (10,000 won) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<50 |
17 (16.5) |
86 (83.5) |
0.598 |
28 (21.7) |
101 (78.3) |
0.408 |
50-99 |
20 (11.2) |
158 (88.8) |
|
46 (22.3) |
160 (77.7) |
|
100-149 |
24 (13.4) |
155 (86.6) |
|
33 (20.6) |
127 (79.4) |
|
≥ 150 |
21 (15.2) |
117 (84.8) |
|
28 (15.8) |
149 (84.2) |
|
Drinking alcohol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-drinker |
29 (15.9) |
153 (84.1) |
0.275 |
105 (21.4) |
385 (78.6) |
0.195 |
Ever-drinker |
51 (12.6) |
243 (87.4) |
|
28 (16.8) |
139 (83.2) |
|
Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-smoker |
18 (13.4) |
116 (86.6) |
0.901 |
134 (20.6) |
516 (79.4) |
0.310 |
Ever-smoker |
64 (13.9) |
398 (86.1) |
|
1 (5.9) |
16 (94.1) |
|
Balanced diet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
48 (13.4) |
311 (86.6) |
0.766 |
79 (22.2) |
277 (77.8) |
0.149 |
No |
34 (14.2) |
205 (85.8) |
|
56 (17.7) |
260 (82.3) |
|
Exercise (sessions/week) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None or < 3 |
61 (12.5) |
427 (87.5) |
0.070 |
104 (20.0) |
415 (80.0) |
0.952 |
≥3 |
21 (19.1) |
89 (80.9) |
|
31 (20.3) |
122 (79.7) |
|
Table 2Clinical characteristics of the subjects with insulin resistance and without insulin resistance by gender
Variables |
Men
|
Women
|
With insulin resistance (n = 82) |
Without insulin resistance (n = 516) |
p |
With insulin resistance (n = 135) |
Without insulin resistance (n = 537) |
p |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.3±1.3 |
22.4±1.7 |
< 0.001 |
23.1 ±1.4 |
22.6±1.6 |
0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
85.0±6.0 |
80.9±6.3 |
< 0.001 |
78.0±5.7 |
75.9±6.1 |
0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
197.9±36.4 |
186.0±35.7 |
0.005 |
204.2 ±34.4 |
192.8±34.5 |
0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
171.0 (63.0-372.0) |
122.0 (52.0-375.0) |
0.083 |
132.0 (56.0-369.0) |
100.0 (46.0-244.0) |
< 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
51.8±12.3 |
55.2±14.7 |
0.026 |
52.1 ±12.1 |
56.0±12.7 |
0.002 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
110.2 ± 33.6 |
102.1 ±35.1 |
0.056 |
121.6±30.8 |
113.7±30.9 |
0.009 |
Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol |
4.0±1.1 |
3.6±1.0 |
0.001 |
4.1 ±1.0 |
3.6±0.9 |
< 0.001 |
Triglycerides/HDL cholesterol |
3.8±2.4 |
3.2±3.3 |
0.061 |
3.6±3.1 |
2.3±1.8 |
< 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
126.8± 15.6 |
125.2 ± 12.4 |
0.363 |
125.5 ± 12.7 |
123.1 ±13.1 |
0.053 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
80.6±8.9 |
79.9±8.0 |
0.448 |
79.3±8.1 |
78.4±8.3 |
0.241 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
98.0 (84.0-220.0) |
88.0 (73.0-111.0) |
< 0.001 |
92.0 (78.0-152.0) |
86.0 (76.0-101.0) |
< 0.001 |
Fasting insulin (mg/dL) |
9.3 (6.3-22.7) |
3.4 (1.1-6.8) |
< 0.001 |
9.4 (7.1-20.4) |
4.4 (1.8-7.4) |
< 0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
2.3 (1.7-6.2) |
0.7 (0.2-1. 6) |
< 0.001 |
2.1 (1.7-5.7) |
1.0 (0.4-1.6) |
< 0.001 |
Table 3Comparison of metabolic syndrome and its components between the subjects with insulin resistance and without insulin resistance by gender
Variables |
Men
|
Women
|
With insulin resistance (n = 82) |
Without insulin resistance (n = 516) |
p |
With insulin resistance (n = 135) |
Without insulin resistance (n = 537) |
p
|
Elevated waist circumference (≥90 cm for men and ≥ 85 cm for women) |
16 (19.5) |
35 (6.8) |
0.001 |
45 (33.3) |
122 (22.7) |
0.011 |
Elevated triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL) |
47 (57.3) |
194 (37.6) |
0.001 |
61 (45.2) |
124 (23.1) |
< 0.001 |
Reduced HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women) |
13 (15.9) |
63 (12.2) |
0.357 |
59 (43.7) |
196 (36.5) |
0.123 |
Elevated blood pressure* |
42 (51.2) |
254 (49.2) |
0.737 |
66 (48.9) |
228 (42.5) |
0.178 |
Elevated fasting glucose†
|
37 (45.1) |
77 (14.9) |
< 0.001 |
39 (28.9) |
38 (7.1) |
< 0.001 |
Metabolic syndrome* |
24 (29.3) |
53 (10.3) |
< 0.001 |
46 (34.1) |
84 (15.6) |
< 0.001 |
Table 4Factors associated with insulin resistance by gender
Variables |
Men (n = 598)
|
Women (n = 672)
|
Adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
Age |
|
1.00 (0.97-1.04) |
1.01 (0.99-1.05) |
BMI (kg/m2) |
18.5-20.9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
21.0-22.9 |
2.56 (0.94-7.00) |
1.35 (0.69-2.66) |
|
23.0-24.9 |
4.63 (1.77-12.15) |
1.89 (0.98-3.56) |
High waist circumference |
Men < 90 cm, Women < 85 cm |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Men ≥90 cm, Women ≥85 cm |
2.57 (1.29-5.11) |
1.43 (0.92-2.22) |
Education |
<9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
≥10 |
1.54 (0.90-2.64) |
0.81 (0.44-1.50) |
Occupation |
Others |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Farmer |
1.31 (0.71-2.41) |
0.63 (0.42-1.03) |
Drinking alcohol |
Non-drinker |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Ever-drinker |
0.71 (0.42-1.19) |
0.78 (0.49-1.24) |
Balanced diet |
No |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Yes |
0.93 (0.57-1.55) |
1.41 (0.92-2.22) |
Exercise (sessions/week) |
None or < 3 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
≥3 |
1.49 (0.83-2.67) |
0.96 (0.60-1.53) |