Published online Jan 30, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.4174/astr.2019.96.2.95
Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster after adult liver transplantation
,
and Jae-Won Joh
Abstract
Purpose
Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which occurs frequently in liver transplant recipients with impaired cellular immunity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for HZ after adult liver transplantation (LT).
Methods
In our institution, 993 patients underwent adult LT from January 1997 to December 2013. We retrospectively analyzed the incidence rate of HZ and risk factors for HZ after LT.
Results
Of 993 LT recipients, 101 (10.2%) were diagnosed with HZ. The incidence of HZ at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 6.6%, 9.1%, 10.0%, and 11.9%, respectively. Therefore, we observed that the incidence of HZ after LT was 16.3 per 1,000 person-years. Older age (≥50 years) at LT and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) exposure were independent risk factors of HZ infection after adult LT.
Conclusion
Patients older than 50 years or with MMF exposure are considered to be at high risk for HZ. Therefore, adult liver recipients with such factors should not be given strong immunosuppression treatments.
INTRODUCTION
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a type of herpes virus that causes herpes zoster (HZ) by reactivation. HZ occurs more frequently in the elderly and in patients with underlying malignancies, impaired cellular immunity such as transplant patients, human immunodeficiency virus-infected, and other immunocompromised status [1]. The most common complication of HZ is postherpetic neuralgia, which is persistent pain that lasts more than 3 months after the skin rash heals [2].
Previous studies have determined that the incidence of HZ in solid organ transplant recipients is 10 to 100 fold higher than in the general population, which ranges from 1% to 12% [3, 4]. Some reports have suggested that patients that receive mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) show higher HZ infection after liver transplantation (LT) as immunosuppressive treatment. Several studies have evaluated the incidence and risk factors of HZ after LT; however, there are currently no studies that have investigated the incidence and risk factors of HZ after LT in the Korean population.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of HZ after LT in the general Korean population.
METHODS
Patients
Between January 1997 and December 2013, 1,191 adult (age ≥18 years) patients underwent LT at Samsung Medical Center. These patients were retrospectively analyzed, and a total of 198 patients with the following conditions were excluded: death within 4 weeks after LT (n = 62) or insufficient or no follow-up data (n = 136). Finally, 993 patients were included for analysis. A clinical diagnosis of HZ infection was determined by obvious skin lesions or by a dermatologist's exam.
HZ cases were identified through detailed chart review and a database search for any subject with the HZ-related disease classification code. In addition, we investigated clinical outcome variables, including age at transplantation, sex, cause of transplantation, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, Child-Pugh classification, retransplant, immunosuppression before HZ development, acute rejection before HZ development, and steroid pulse therapy.
Immunosuppression
In our center, basiliximab (20 mg) was used as an induction agent in all recipients during LT and on day 4 after LT. Patients were infused with prostaglandin E1, gabexate mesilate, and methylprednisolone. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy consisted of corticosteroids, tacrolimus, and MMF. All transplant recipients were given 500 mg of intravenous methylprednisolone during the anhepatic phase until postoperative day 2; this dosage was tapered to 60 mg per day for a period of five days and then to 8 mg, twice per day, for 1 month starting on postoperative day 8. Corticosteroids were withdrawn at 3 months after transplantation. Tacrolimus treatment was initiated on postoperative day 3, and the optimal blood level was adjusted to maintain a trough plasma concentration of 10 ng/mL during the first month, which was then reduced to 5–8 ng/mL. Beginning on postoperative day 1, 750 mg of MMF was administered twice per day.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA), a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant, and confidence intervals were set at the 95% level. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviations and categorical variables are presented as the number of cases and percentage (%). The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for continuous variables, and the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used for categorical variables. The cumulative incidence of HZ was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival curves were evaluated using the log-rank test. Only variables with a statistical P-value <0.05 in the univariate analysis were entered into the Cox regression model for multivariate analysis.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (approval number: 2018-06-141) with approval of a waiver of informed consent.
RESULTS
Patient characteristics
Of 1,191 adult patients who underwent LT at Samsung Medical Center between January 1997 and December 2013, 993 were selected for analysis (Table 1). The median patient age was 52 years (range, 19–77 years). The causes of LT were hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 466, 46.9%), HBV - or HCV-associated liver cirrhosis (n = 357, 36.0%), alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 71, 7.2%), acute liver failure (n = 35, 3.5%), progressive intrahepatic cholestatic disease (n = 10, 1.0%), and other causes (n = 54, 5.4%). Of 993 patients, 29 (2.9%) underwent reransplantation. The median MELD score was 20 points, and 532 patients (53.6%) had Child-Pugh class C. Among the calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), tacrolimus was used in 795 patients (80.1%), and cyclosporine was used in 119 patients (12.0%). A total of 845 patients (85.1%) were treated with MMF, and 234 patients (23.6%) were treated with steroids. The median duration of MMF use before development of HZ was 137 days (range, 13–4,277 days). Acute cellular rejection was diagnosed in 196 patients (19.7%), 166 of whom (84.7%) were treated with IV steroid pulse therapy.
Table 1
Patient characteristics
HZ incidence
The median follow-up time was 5.82 years (range, 0.04–18.83 years). A total of 101 patients (10.2%) were diagnosed with HZ infection during the follow-up period after LT. The median time of HZ incidence after LT was 172 days (range, 13–4,277 days). Table 1 shows the clinical characteristics of patients that developed HZ. The incidence of HZ at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 6.6%, 9.1%, 10.0%, and 11.9%, respectively (Fig. 1). The incidence of HZ after LT was 16.3 per 1,000 person-years.
Fig. 1
Cumulative incidence of herpes zoster (Hz).
HZ risk factors
The mean age of patients with HZ was higher than that of patients without HZ (53.6 ± 8.0 years vs. 50.6 ± 9.2 years, P = 0.004). The proportion of MMF exposure in the patients with HZ was higher than in patients without HZ (92.1% vs. 84.3%, P = 0.038). However, other characteristics were not significantly different between the 2 groups.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with HZ infection are shown in Table 2. In univariate analysis, older age (≥50 years) at LT (P = 0.042) and MMF exposure (P = 0.038) were associated with a higher risk of HZ infection. In subsequent multivariate analysis, age (≥50 years) at LT (P = 0.046) and MMF exposure (P = 0.045) were independent risk factors of HZ infection after LT.
Table 2
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with herpes zoster
DISCUSSION
HZ is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. This virus can remain latent in the cranial nerve ganglia and dorsal root ganglia after primary infection (chickenpox) [5]. HZ and associated complications can be serious and painful. The annual incidence of HZ in the general population is 1.5–3.0 cases per 1,000 persons [6]. Immunosuppression in LT may increase the incidence of HZ. Aging and impaired cellular immunity, as seen in transplant patients, human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, and other immunocompromised patients, have been suggested as risk factors [4, 7, 8].
This study demonstrated that the incidence of HZ after LT is 16.3 per 1,000 person-years, and this result was similar to previously reported results (17.83/1,000 and 18.3/1,000 person-years) [4, 8]. This incidence is lower than in other solid-organtransplant (SOT) recipients. Pergam et al. [8] suggested that the liver is relatively resistant to rejection compared with other organs, so liver transplant recipients generally require less immunosuppression, and the incidence of HZ was lower than in lung and heart transplant recipients.
The calculated incidence in this study is much higher than in the general Korean population (10.4 per 1,000 person-years) [2]. These differences are highly associated with decreased immunity in SOT recipients who are vulnerable to infection due to chronic immunosuppression. According to other reports, the risk of HZ in SOT recipients is 2–10 fold higher than in the general population [9, 10]. Previous studies reported a higher female HZ incidence in the general population, with a relative risk in the range of 1.2–1.47 [11]. Ko et al. [12] also reported that the only independent risk factor for HZ after kidney transplantation was female gender. In our study however, the incidence rate was not higher in women than in men, with 16.34 per 1,000 person-years in women vs. 16.89 per 1,000 person-years in men (P = 0.209).
Some previous studies have demonstrated age and immunosuppressive therapy as risk factors for HZ after solid organ transplantation [4]. We evaluated that older age (≥50 years) at LT (P = 0.046) and MMF exposure (P = 0.045) were independent risk factors of HZ infection after LT. However, other immunosuppressive agents such as CNI (tacrolimus, cyclosporine) and steroids were not significantly correlated with the incidence of HZ. MMF is widely used in combination with CNI for maintenance immunosuppression to reduce CNI induced toxicities [13]. MMF targets lymphocytes and blocks proliferation of T and B cells. Nucleotide synthesis in lymphocytes is interrupted by MMF, with depletion of intracellular pools of guanosine triphosphate [14]. The VZV-specific T-cell immunity is critical for preventing HZ after the primary VZV infection has resolved. A decrease in blood-circulating VZV-specific T lymphocytes, resulting from immunosuppressive agents such as MMF, is associated with increased risk of VZV reactivation from latency [15]. However, there is no clear mechanism for HZ risk factors in transplant patients.
Age is an important factor that affects the incidence of HZ. Cell-mediated immunity generally declines with age and may increase VZV reactivation due to a decrease in VZV-specific memory CD4 T cells [16]. The increased incidence of HZ with age was notable, and more than half of the cases were over 50 years old, with a peak age of 60–69 years in the general Korean population [2].
Acute cellular rejection was not different between patients treated with MMF and without MMF (20.4% vs. 16.2%; P = 0.243). In this study, we did not include data about renal dysfunction after LT that could be related with CNI toxicity. However, the proportion of cyclosporine use in the patients with MMF exposure was significantly lower than in the patients without MMF exposure (10.4% vs. 20.9%; P < 0.001). Probably, decreased cyclosporine use in patients treated with MMF may lower CNI toxicity [17].
There were several limitations to this study. First, it was a nonrandomized retrospective cohort study. Therefore, the patient information in our data may be incomplete. Second, the diagnoses of HZ were not all made by a dermatologist. Because of this, cases that were misdiagnosed or overdiagnosed could not be eliminated. Finally, we did not include additional data that could be associated with development of HZ, including skin lesion distribution, clinical course, treatment, immunologic status variables such as splenectomy, other viral infections including cytomegalovirus, and blood level of immunosuppressant. However, in spite of these limitations, this is the first and largest study to investigate risk factors for HZ after LT and the incidence of HZ in the Korean population with a relatively long-term follow-up period.
In conclusion, our results demonstrate the incidence of HZ after LT and show that older age (≥50 years) at LT and MMF exposure were independent risk factors of HZ infection after LT.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
References
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Whitley RJ, Shukla S, Crooks RJ. The identification of risk factors associated with persistent pain following herpes zoster. J Infect Dis 1998;178 Suppl 1:S71–S75.
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