Open Access, Peer-reviewed
pISSN 1229-845X
eISSN 1976-555X
    J Vet Sci. 2015 Mar;16(1):31-35. English.
    Published online Mar 18, 2015.
    https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.31
    © 2015 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.
    Original Article

    Performance of the SD Bioline TB Ag MPT64 Rapid test for quick confirmation of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from animals

    Hyeon-Seop Byeon,1,2 Mi Jung Ji,3 Shin-Seok Kang,1 Sang Woo Kim,4 Seung-Cheol Kim,5 Song-Yong Park,6 Geehyuk Kim,7 Jiro Kim,7 Jang-Eun Cho,8 Bok Kyung Ku,9 Jae-Myung Kim,9 and Bo-Young Jeon7
      • 1Chungbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Chungju 380-230, Korea.
      • 2Laboratories of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
      • 3Biotech Laboratory, Standard Diagnostics Inc., Yongin 446-904, Korea.
      • 4Animal Genetics Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Namwon 590-832, Korea.
      • 5Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
      • 6Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea.
      • 7Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea.
      • 8Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu 702-722, Korea.
      • 9Division of Bacterial Diseases, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea.
    • Corresponding author: Tel: +82-33-760-5108; Fax: +82-504-841-5108; Email: bojeon@yonsei.ac.kr
    Received March 20, 2014; Revised July 03, 2014; Accepted September 27, 2014.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Mycobacterium (M.) bovis, a bacterium in the M. tuberculosis complex, is a causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a contagious disease of animals. Mycobacterial culture is the gold standard for diagnosing bovine tuberculosis, but this technique is laborious and time-consuming. In the present study, performance of the SD Bioline TB Ag MPT4 Rapid test, an immunochromatographic assay, was evaluated using reference bacterial strains and M. bovis field isolates collected from animals. The SD MPT64 Rapid test produced positive results for 95.5% (63/66) of the M. bovis isolates from cattle and 97.9% (46/47) of the isolates from deer. Additionally, the test had a sensitivity of 96.5% (95% CI, 91.2-99.0), specificity of 100% (95% CI, 96.7-100.0), positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 96.7-100.0), and negative predictive value of 92.9% (95% CI, 82.7-98.0) for M. bovis isolates. In conclusion, the SD MPT64 Rapid test is simple to use and may be useful for quickly confirming the presence of M. bovis in animals.

    Keywords
    animals; Mycobacterium bovis; SD MPT64 Rapid test

    Introduction

    Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious disease of animals caused by Mycobacterium (M.) bovis, which is part of the M. tuberculosis complex [2, 21]. Bovine tuberculosis is responsible for major agricultural economic loss and is a public health concern [7, 18]. In most countries, control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis involves testing and slaughter [17].

    The intradermal tuberculin skin test is widely used to identify infected animals and has contributed to the control of bovine tuberculosis [8]. In Korea, the incidence of bovine tuberculosis was approximately 15% in the 1940s; this was reduced to 0.15% in 2005 by a bovine tuberculosis eradication program involving the intradermal tuberculin skin test [6]. However, the current incidence has increased to 0.25% (approximately 1,000 cattle per year) [24]. An efficient and effective diagnostic system or strategy is urgently needed to eradicate bovine tuberculosis. Serological tests using M. bovis-specific antigens and the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay are currently being considered or evaluated in Korea. These assays use mycobacterial cultures as the gold standard for diagnosing bovine tuberculosis. Culturing takes 3 to 6 weeks while the presence of M. bovis can be confirmed using acid-fast bacilli staining and biochemical tests [22]. The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is simple and rapid, but cannot differentiate M. bovis from nontuberculous mycobacteria. Furthermore, conventional biochemical tests are laborious and time-consuming.

    The SD Bioline TB Ag MPT64 Ag MPT64 Rapid test (SD MPT64 Rapid test), a simple immunochromatographic test (ICT) for the M. tuberculosis complex, has been developed and uses monoclonal antibodies to detect MPT64 protein [1, 9]. MPT64 is a protein specifically secreted by members of the M. tuberculosis complex including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanum as well as some strains of M. bovis bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) [12]. The SD MPT64 Rapid Test is used widely to confirm the identity of M. tuberculosis isolates from humans. Furthermore, the test is highly sensitive and specific. The SD MPT64 Rapid test is potentially useful for identifying M. bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex, because the MPT64 antigen is expressed by all members of the M. tuberculosis complex [10]. However, few reports have evaluated the performance of this test for analyzing M. bovis isolates from animals. We therefore assessed the ability of the SD MPT64 Rapid test to identify M. bovis isolates from cattle and deer.

    Materials and Methods

    Bacterial strains

    Reference bacterial strains consisting of 25 mycobacteria and 12 other bacteria were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA) and used for the present investigation (Table 1). M. bovis AN5 was grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth media (Difco, USA) supplemented with 10% Middlebrook OADC enrichment medium (BBL, USA) to determine the detection limit of the test. Mycobacterium species grown on Löwenstein-Jensen medium (UNION LAB, Korea) and other bacterial strains grown on Luria-Bertani agar plates (Difco) were used for the SD MPT64 Rapid test. This study evaluated 113 M. bovis field strains isolated from cattle and deer in Korea along with 25 M. avium and 27 M. intracellulare clinical strains isolated from humans (Table 2). All mycobacterial isolates were identified by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and biochemical tests as previously described [22]. AccuProbe (Gen-Probe, USA), REBA Myco-ID (M&D, Korea), and multiplex PCR were performed to identify Mycobacterium species and distinguish M. bovis from other members of the M. tuberculosis complex [14, 15, 20].

    Table 1
    Reference bacteria strains used in this study and results of the SD MPT64 Rapid test

    Table 2
    Results of the SD MPT64 Rapid test for M. bovis isolates from animals

    SD MPT64 Rapid test

    SD MPT64 Rapid test was performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Three or four colonies of mycobacterial strains grown in Löwenstein-Jensen media and other bacterial strains grown on Luria-Bertani agar plates were emulsified in 200 µL of extraction buffer. Next, 100 µL were placed in sample wells of the test and the results were visually assessed based on color development after incubating at room temperature for 15 min. Non-recactive M. bovis isolates in the test was confirmed by sequencing of the mpt64 gene.

    To determine the detection limit of the SD MPT64 Rapid test, a series of diluted M. bovis AN5 suspension from 2.1 × 103 to 2.0 × 106 cultured in Middlebrook 7H9 medium with 10% enrichment medium were analyzed with the SD MPT64 Rapid test and colony-forming unit (CFU) counted using Middlebrook 7H10 (Difco) plates with 10% enrichment medium.

    Statistical analysis

    The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were determined using GraphPad Prism software (ver. 4.0; GraphPad Software, USA). Agreement of test results was estimated based on kappa values using the SPSS 13.0 (SPSS, USA).

    Results

    SD MPT64 Rapid test results for the reference strains

    The SD MPT64 Rapid test was performed for 25 reference strains of mycobacteria and 12 other bacteria to identify members of the M. tuberculosis complex. The SD MPT64 Rapid test produced strong results for M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. tuberculosis, but not M. bovis BCG Pasteur or M. bovis BCG Danish (Table 1). No positive signal was observed for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) bacilli or any other bacteria tested. These results imply that the SD MPT64 Rapid test can identify members of the M. tuberculosis complex, including M. bovis, with a high degree of specificity.

    Detection limit of the SD MPT64 Rapid test for M. bovis

    Ten-fold dilutions of M. bovis AN5 were used to measure the detection limit of the SD MPT64 Rapid test. As shown in Fig. 1, the detection limit of the test for M. bovis was estimated to be 5.5 × 104 CFU/mL. The test produced a strong positive signal (purple line) for samples containing more than 5.4 × 105 CFU/mL of M. bovis and a clear positive signal for samples containing 1.3 × 105 CFU/mL or 2.7 × 105 CFU/mL of M. bovis. The test signal was weakly positive for the sample containing 6.8 × 104 CFU/mL of M. bovis, and weak but determinable as positive with careful examination for the sample containing 3.4 × 104 CFU/mL of M. bovis.

    Fig. 1
    Detection limit of the SD MPT64 Rapid test for Mycobacterium (M.) bovis. The test was used to analyze a series of diluted suspensions of M. bovis AN5 cultured in Middlebrook 7H9 broth with enrichment. A representative image of three tests is shown. The results were interpreted as positive (+), negative (-), or weak (±). NC, negative control; 1, 2.1 × 103 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 2, 4.2 × 103 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 3, 8.5 × 103 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 4, 1.7 × 104 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 5, 3.4 × 104 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 6, 6.8 × 104 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 7, 1.3 × 105 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 8, 2.7 × 105 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 9, 5.4 × 105 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 10, 1.0 × 106 CFU/mL of M. bovis; 11, 2.0 × 106 CFU/mL of M. bovis.

    MPT64 Rapid test results for M. bovis isolates from animals

    In total, 113 M. bovis isolates from animals and 52 NTM isolates were used to evaluate ability of the SD MPT64 Rapid test to identify M. bovis isolates from animals (Table 2). Among the M. bovis isolates, 109 (96.5%) had a positive SD MPT64 Rapid test result; all M. avium and M. intracellulare isolates produced negative results. Positive results were obtained for 95.5% (63/66) of the M. bovis isolates from cattle and 97.9% (46/47) of the isolates from deer. Sensitivity was 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.2-99.0), specificity was 100% (95% CI, 96.7-100.0), the positive predictive value was 100.0% (95% CI, 96.7-100.0), the negative predictive value was 92.9% (95% CI, 82.7-98.0), and the kappa value was 0.945.

    Discussion

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the SD MPT64 Rapid test, an ICT for M. tuberculosis. We assessed the ability of the test to confirm the identity of M. bovis isolates from animals. ICT is widely used to diagnose infectious diseases because of its simple and rapid nature. The SD MPT64 Rapid test has a high level of sensitivity and specificity for detecting M. tuberculosis in humans [1, 9, 19]. A few groups included M. bovis isolates in their evaluation of the SD MPT64 Rapid test and found that some M. bovis isolates did not produce a reaction [5, 11, 16]. The present study evaluated the ability of SD MPT64 Rapid test to detect M. bovis isolates from animals using a considerable numbers of specimens.

    The sensitivity (96.5%) and specificity (100.0%) of the SD MPT64 Rapid test for M. bovis isolates observed in the present investigation were comparable to those of previous reports (sensitivity of 92~99% and specificity of 97~100%) for M. tuberculosis [3, 4, 19]. These results indicate that the SD MPT64 Rapid test is as specific and sensitive for M. bovis as it is for M. tuberculosis. The detection limit for M. bovis was similar to that reported in studies that measured the detection limit for M. tuberculosis [1, 19].

    In this investigation, four out of the 113 M. bovis isolates (3.5%) were nonreactive in the SD MPT64 Rapid test. This finding is comparable to data from other studies in which the MPT64 Rapid test was used to detect M. tuberculosis isolates from humans. The false-negative rate of the MPT64 Rapid test is 3.1% (12 out of 384) according to Hirano et al. [13] and 1.4% (2 out of 146) according to Wang et al. [23]. These reports indicate that the performance of the SD MPT64 Rapid test is similar for M. tuberculosis isolates from humans and M. bovis from animals. For three out of the four nonreactive M. bovis isolates, two contained a deletion between 512 and 688 base pairs (bp) in the mpt64 gene, and the remaining one had a point mutation at position 402 (G to A) that created a stop codon. These findings were similar to ones in a report by Hirano et al. [13] and imply that these changes might have produced false-negative results in the SD MPT64 Rapid test.

    A mutation was identified by sequencing the mpt64 gene in three of the four nonreactive M. bovis isolates (data not shown). This might have resulted in the false-negatives obtained from the SD MPT64 Rapid test as also reported by Hirano et al. [13]. Because incorrect identification of M. bovis can have serious consequences, conventional or molecular tests to confirm the presence of this microorganism should be performed when microbiological findings are suggestive of M. bovis but the SD MPT64 Rapid test result is negative.

    Results of this study suggest that the SD MPT64 Rapid test might be a useful method for quick identification of M. bovis isolates from animals. The test could possibly replace conventional confirmation assays. The greater simplicity and lower cost of the SD MPT64 Rapid test compared to other methods make this technique a good choice for confirming M. bovis isolates. Using this test for identifying M. bovis isolates from animals might contribute to the establishment of an eradication strategy for bovine tuberculosis. In conclusion, the SD MPT64 Rapid test is a simple and reliable method that may serve as a diagnostic tool for confirming the presence of M. bovis in animals.

    Notes

    There is no conflict of interest.

    Acknowledgments

    This research was supported by a grant from the Bio-industry Technology Development Program, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Korea (grant no. 314025-03) and in part by a grant from the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (Z-AD13-2010-11-0502).

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    MeSH Terms
    Deer*
    Animals
    Cattle
    Cattle Diseases/diagnosis*
    Cattle Diseases/microbiology
    Immunochromatography/methods
    Immunochromatography/veterinary*
    Mycobacterium bovis/classification
    Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification*
    Sensitivity and Specificity
    Tuberculosis/diagnosis
    Tuberculosis/microbiology
    Tuberculosis/veterinary*
    Metrics
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