A Giant Left Atrium in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis

A 53-year-old woman presented with progressive dyspnea to our outpatient clinic. She reported first shortness of breath one year prior to the current presentation. Her medical history was unremarkable and vital signs were stable. Her electrocardiogram demonstrated atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response. A massive cardiomegaly, as evidenced by a cardiothoracic ratio of 0.95, was noted (Fig. 1A). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a mitral valve area of 0.74 cm² with a mild degree of mitral regurgitation. The left atrium (LA) was so large that it was not possible to fit it to the screen in its entirety (Fig. 1B and C). For further evaluation, a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) was performed and showed a huge LA with an end-systolic volume of 1,125 mL, resulting in the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) being significantly compressed. Even the left ventricle was also compressed by the enlarged LA against the anterior chest wall (Fig. 1D). RA and RV volume were 18 mL and 70 mL, respectively. Mitral valve replacement with bileaflet prosthetic valve was performed concomitantly with LA volume reduction surgery.1), 2) Immediate postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative cMRI performed at the 8 week follow-up visit after discharge showed a marked reduction of LA (250 mL) with a normalization of RA, RV (170 mL) and left ventricle sizes (Fig. 1E). One month after corrective surgery, her functional capacity had significantly increased from NYHA Fc IV to Fc II and the size of the cardiac chambers had normalized (Fig. 1F).

Fig. 1
Comparion of cardiac chambers before versus after corrective surgery. A: massive cardiomegaly on preoperative chest film. B: parasternal long axis view of transthoracic echocardiography. C: apical four chamber view of transthoracic echocardiography D: preoperative cMRI. E: postoperative cMRI. F: postoperative chest film. Ao: ascending aorta, LA: left atrium, LV: left ventricle, RA: right atrium, RV: right ventricle, cMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

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