pISSN 1738-5520 eISSN 1738-5555
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    Korean Circ J. 2010 Nov;40(11):558-564. English.
    Published online Nov 30, 2010.
    https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2010.40.11.558
    Copyright © 2010 The Korean Society of Cardiology
    Original Article

    Relationship Between Obesity and N-Terminal Brain Natriuretic Peptide Level as a Prognostic Value After Acute Myocardial Infarction

    Seon Gyu Choi, MD,1 Myung Ho Jeong, MD,2 Youngkeun Ahn, MD,2 Jeong Gwan Cho, MD,2 Jung Chaee Kang, MD,2 Shung Chull Chae, MD,3 Seung Ho Hur, MD,4 Taek Jong Hong, MD,5 Young Jo Kim, MD,6 In Whan Seong, MD,7 Jei Keon Chae, MD,8 Jay Young Rhew, MD,9 In Ho Chae, MD,10 Myeong Chan Cho, MD,11 Jang Ho Bae, MD,12 Seung Woon Rha, MD,13 Chong Jin Kim, MD,14 Donghoon Choi, MD,15 Yang Soo Jang, MD,15 Junghan Yoon, MD,16 Wook Sung Chung, MD,17 Ki Bae Seung, MD,17 Seung Jung Park, MD,18 and Other Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry Investigators
      • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Yeosu Chonnam Hospital, Yeosu, Korea.
      • 2Department of Internal Medicine, The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
      • 3Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
      • 4Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
      • 5Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Schoool of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
      • 6Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
      • 7Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
      • 8Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea.
      • 9Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonju Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea.
      • 10Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
      • 11Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
      • 12Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
      • 13Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 14Department of Internal Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 15Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 16Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
      • 17Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 18Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
    • Correspondence: Myung Ho Jeong, MD, Principal Investigator of Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry, The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, 671 Jaebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. Tel: 82-62-220-6243, Fax: 82-62-228-7174, Email: myungho@chollian.net
      Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) Study Group of Korean Society of Cardiology: Myung Ho Jeong, MD, Youngkeun Ahn, MD, Shung Chull Chae, MD, Jong Hyun Kim, MD, Seung Ho Hur, MD, Young, Jo Kim, MD, In Whan Seong, MD, Dong Hoon Choi, MD, Jei Keon Chae, MD, Taek Jong Hong, MD, Jae Young Rhew, MD, Doo Il Kim, MD, In Ho Chae, MD, Jung Han Yoon, MD, Bon Kwon Koo, MD, Byung Ok Kim, MD, Myoung Yong Lee, MD, Kee Sik Kim, MD, Jin Young Hwang, MD, Myeong Chan Cho, MD, Seok Kyu Oh, MD, Nae Hee Lee, MD, Kyoung Tae Jeong, MD, Seung Jea Tahk, MD, Jang Ho Bae, MD, Seung Woon Rha, MD, Keum Soo Park, MD, Chong Jin Kim, MD, Kyoo Rok Han, MD, Tae Hoon Ahn, MD, Moo Hyun Kim, MD, Ki Bae Seung, MD, Wook Sung Chung, MD, Ju Young Yang, MD, Chong Yun Rhim, MD, Hyeon Cheol Gwon, MD, Seong Wook Park, MD, Young Youp Koh, MD, Seung Jae Joo, MD, Soo Joong Kim, MD, Dong Kyu Jin, MD, Jin Man Cho, MD, Byung Ok Kim, MD, Sang-Wook Kim, MD, Jeong Kyung Kim, MD, Tae Ik Kim, MD, Deug Young Nah, MD, Si Hoon Park, MD, Sang Hyun Lee, MD, Seung Uk Lee, MD, Hang-Jae Chung, MD, Jang Hyun Cho, MD, Seung Won Jin, MD, Yang Soo Jang, MD, Jeong Gwan Cho, MD and Seung Jung Park, MD
    Received January 22, 2010; Revised March 09, 2010; Accepted April 13, 2010.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Background and Objectives

    Recently, the prognostic value of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in acute coronary syndrome has been demonstrated in many studies. However, NT-proBNP levels are influenced by various factors such as sex, age, renal function, heart failure severity, and obesity. NT-proBNP concentrations tend to decrease with higher body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to examine the influence of obesity on NT-proBNP as a predictive prognostic factor in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.

    Subjects and Methods

    Using data from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (January 2005 to September 2008), 2,736 AMI patients were included in this study. These patients were divided into men (n=1,972, 70%) and women (n=764, 30%), and were grouped according to their BMIs. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 1 year clinical follow-up were evaluated.

    Results

    NT-proBNP was significantly higher in lower BMI (p<0.001). Mean NT-proBNP levels of each obesity group were 2,393±4,022 pg/mL in the lean group (n=875), 1,506±3,074 pg/mL in the overweight group (n=724) and 1,100±1,137 pg/mL in the obese group (n=1,137) (p<0.01). NT-proBNP was an independent prognostic factor of AMI in obese patients by multivariative analysis of independent risk factors of MACE (p=0.01).

    Conclusion

    NT-proBNP is lower in obese AMI patients than in non-obese AMI patients, but NT-proBNP is still of independent prognostic value in obese AMI patients.

    Keywords
    Brain natriuretic peptide; Obesity; Myocardial infarction

    Introduction

    There are many clinical predictors of adverse outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although various kinds of risk scores1), 2) and individual risk factors are already in use in clinical practice, many research centers are searching for better predictive tools. Recently, the prognostic value of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been demonstrated in many studies.3), 4) In one of the largest NT-proBNP studies on ACS, NT-proBNP had a stronger correlation with mortality than any other markers studied, including cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein.4)

    NT-proBNP is released from myocardial cells in response to volume expansion in heart failure (HF) and is therefore used for early diagnosis of symptomatic or asymptomatic HF.5) In addition, NT-proBNP is released in stressed cardiac walls in ACS before myocardial necrosis, so the measurement of NT-proBNP can provide an early estimate of the risk of ACS.6), 7)

    However, a diagnostic NT-proBNP cut-off value in ACS has proved difficult to establish as NT-proBNP levels are influenced by various factors including sex, age, renal function, HF severity and obesity. The normal values tend to increase with age and to be higher in women than in men.8) NT-proBNP is cleared by the kidney, so its plasma concentration is elevated in decreased renal function states.9) Furthermore, NT-proBNP levels decrease with higher body mass index (BMI).10), 11)

    With the lowering effect of obesity on NT-proBNP levels in mind, we investigated the influence of obesity on the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in ACS.

    Subjects and Methods

    Patient population and study design

    This study included the 2,736 patients with AMIs among 12,841 patients registered at the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) from January 2005 to September 2008. The KAMIR is a prospective, multi-center, observational registry designed to examine current epidemiology, in-hospital management, and outcome of patients with AMIs in Korea for the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Korean Circulation Society.12) To focus on NT-proBNP and obesity in AMI patients, we excluded: patients less than 20 or more than 90 years of age, patients with previous HF, patients with renal insufficiency (elevated serum creatinine level above 2.0 mg/dL) and missing or uncertain data. This left 2,736 patients for final analysis. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) for one year clinical follow-up were evaluated and defined as the composite of 1) cardiac death, 2) non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), 3) re-percutaneous coronary intervention, 4) coronary artery bypass graft. We analyzed baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, and related laboratory results including NT-proBNP (pg/mL) which was measured on arrival. In order to investigate the relationship between NT-proBNP and MACE, we defined AMI patients free of MACE as group I and patients who developed MACE as group II. Each group was further divided into men (n=1,972, 70%) and women (n=764, 30%), and were grouped as follows based on BMI (kg/m2) in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) BMI cut-off values for overweight and obesity in Asians13): 1) Lean (BMI ≤22.9 kg/m2, 2) Overweight (BMI between 23.0 kg/m2 and 24.9 kg/m2), 3) Obese (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2).

    Statistical analysis

    We compared the NT-proBNP levels between patients free of MACE (group I) and patients with MACE (group II) during 1 year of clinical follow-up among the lean, overweight, and obese groups. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), for analysis. Continuous variables with normal distributions were expressed as the mean±standard deviation and compared with the Student's t-test. Because NT-proBNP and the logarithm of NT-proBNP were not normally distributed in this study, we used the Mann Whitney U test to compare the means of NT-proBNP between groups I and II. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test, where appropriate. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the strength of association between NT-proBNP and BMI after adjusting for age, sex, and renal function. We compared the means of NT-proBNP among the obesity groups by Kruskal-Wallis test. We finally evaluated the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in each obesity group (lean, overweight, obese) by binary logistic regression.

    Results

    Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population

    Among the 2,736 AMI patients who were followed-up for one year, there were 1,977 male patients (72.4%), 1,703 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients (62.2%) and 258 patients with MACE (9.4%). There were 978 (41.6%) obese AMI patients. Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of the study population are described in Table 1. Patients in group II were older (p=0.015), more likely to have diabetes mellitus (DM) (p=0.011) and had a higher NT-proBNP level (p<0.001) than patients in group I.

    Table 1
    Patient characteristics

    Influencing factors of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide

    As analyzed by multiple regression (Table 2), significantly influencing factors of NT-proBNP were sex, creatinine level, creatine kinase-MB level, Killip clsass, MACE, age, and BMI. Table 2 demonstrates that NT-proBNP was higher in men, in older patients, with elevated creatinine levels and with lower BMIs (p<0.001 in each case). Fig. 1 shows a box-plot of NT-proBNP and Killip class. NT-proBNP was higher in the Killip class II, III, IV groups than in the Killip class I group (3,353±5,329 pg/mL vs. 1,174±2,240 pg/mL, p<0.001). Fig. 2 shows a box-plot of NT-proBNP in patients with (group II) and without (group I) MACE. NT-proBNP was higher in group II than in group I (2,548±4,469 pg/mL vs. 1,530±3,088 pg/mL, p=0.001).

    Fig. 1
    Box-plot of NT-proBNP and Killip class. NT-proBNP was lower in the Killip class I group than in the Killip class II, III, IV groups (1,174±2,240 pg/mL vs. 3,353±5,329 pg/mL, p<0.001). NT-proBNP: N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide.

    Fig. 2
    Box-plot of NT-proBNP in patients with and without MACE. NT-proBNP was lower in patients without MACE (group I) than in patient with MACE (group II) (1,519±3,088 pg/mL vs. 2,548±4,469 pg/mL, p=0.001). NT-proBNP: N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, MACE: major adverse cardiac events.

    Table 2
    Independent variables of NT-proBNP in AMI patients

    Obesity and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide

    Fig. 3 shows a box-plot of NT-proBNP and three obesity groups as categorized by BMI. The level of NT-proBNP decreased as obesity increased (p=0.001). Table 3 shows the means NT-proBNP levels of each sub-group, divided by sex, obesity degree, and MACE/non-MACE. A notable finding was that the mean NT-proBNP of male obese MACE patients was much lower than the mean NT-proBNP of female lean non-MACE patients (1,134±2,310 vs. 3,121±4,349, p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified BMI as an independent negative correlate of NT-proBNP level (p<0.001) (Table 2).

    Fig. 3
    Box-plot of NT-proBNP and three weight groups categorized by BMI. p=0.001 calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test. NT-proBNP: N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, BMI: body mass index.

    Table 3
    The mean NT-proBNP levels of each sub-group divided by sex, obesity degree, and MACE (group II)/non-MACE (group I)

    Prognostic value of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide related with obesity

    For investigation of independent prognostic factors of AMI, we performed multivariate analysis and the results showed that DM, smoking, and NT-proBNP were independent prognostic factors of AMI (Table 4). To focus on the influence of obesity, we evaluated the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in each weight group (lean, overweight, obese) by binary logistic regression (Table 5). NT-proBNP was still an independent prognostic factor of AMI in obese patients (odds ratio=1.009, p=0.01) (Table 5).

    Table 4
    Multivariative analysis of independent risk factors of MACE in all patients

    Table 5
    Multivariative analysis of independent risk factors of MACE in each weight group

    Discussion

    NT-proBNP is a natriuretic hormone released primarily from the heart ventricles. NT-proBNP is released from myocardial cells in response to volume expansion in HF. Therefore, NT-proBNP has been used for diagnosis of symptomatic or asymptomatic HF.14) However, NT-proBNP is also thought to be released from ischemic myocardial cells due to an unknown mechanism. For this reason, many recent studies have demonstrated the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in ACS patients15), 16) Because NT-proBNP levels rise rapidly after the onset of ACS symptoms, NT-proBNP can be used as a good independent prognostic indicator in the early evaluation of ACS patients.17)

    However, there are many variables which influence NT-proBNP levels. NT-proBNP is a biologically inert 76 amino acid N-terminal proBNP, produced by cleavage of the prohormone (proBNP) from biologically active 32 amino acid BNP.17) It is cleared by the kidney, with its plasma concentration therefore increased by renal failure.9) The half-life of NT-proBNP is about 120 minutes with normal kidney function.18) We thus excluded renal insufficiency patients (Cr. >2.0 mg/dL) in this study to minimize the influence of kidney function. The plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP are higher in older individuals and in women than in men.8) According to our results, and as expected, NT-proBNP concentrations of women and older patients were significantly higher than those of young and male patients. Another influencing factor is HF. We excluded patients with previous HF history from the study population. The Killip classification categorizes AMI patients based upon the presence or absence of simple physical examination findings that suggest left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (HF).19) Killip class I means no evidence of HF, with increasing Killip class number indicating increasing severity of HF. Our results showed significantly higher NT-proBNP levels with Killip class II-IV (HF) than with Killip class I (non-HF). Finally, another factor strongly influencing NT-proBNP concentration is obesity. Many studies have shown that obese patients tend to have lower plasma NT-proBNP concentrations than nonobese patients.20), 21) One study recently announced that BNP levels cannot be used as a marker of LV wall stress in obese individuals.22)

    The aim of this study was to examine the influence of obesity on NT-proBNP as a prognostic value in AMI patients of the KAMIR during 12 months of follow-up. We hypothesized that NT-proBNP in obese AMI patients could not be used as a prognostic factor of AMI due to the influence of obesity. Our results demonstrated that obese AMI patients have a lower level of NT-proBNP than lean or overweight AMI patients. The lowest mean NT-proBNP value was seen in male, obese, non-MACE patients (Table 3). Notably, the mean NT-proBNP of male obese MACE patients was markedly lower than the mean NT-proBNP of female lean non-MACE patients. However, NT-proBNP still had an independent prognostic value for AMI among obese patients. This result suggests that obese AMI patients with higher NT-proBNP have worse prognoses.

    The mechanism of negative correlation of NT-proBNP and obesity is not yet known. Some authors have suggested that reduced secretion of natriuretic peptides from either diminished myocardial hormone release23) or impaired synthesis24) is the major cause of the inverse relationship between natriuretic peptides and BMI.

    There are several limitations to this study. First, our study was a multi-center prospective registry, and it was not a randomized, controlled study. Thus, there was probably a selection bias when enrolling patients into both study groups. Second, we divided our groups according to BMI based on the World Health Organization cut-off values for overweight and obesity in Asians. This will inevitably make it difficult to directly compare our results with those of similar studies of non-Asian patients. Third, the period of our study was relatively short as it was a comparison of MACE during 1 year clinical follow-up. Fourth, we were not able to include the follow-up NT-proBNP or BMI data. Another study demonstrated that early phase NT-proBNP (measured at 2-6 days after AMI) was a better prognostic factor than acute phase NT-proBNP (measured on arrival).25)

    In conclusion, NT-proBNP is lower in obese AMI patients than in non-obese AMI patients, but NT-proBNP is still of independent prognostic value for obese AMI patients. Further study will be necessary to investigate the complex relationships between MACE, BMI, sex, and NT-proBNP.

    Acknowledgments

    This study was performed with the support of The Korean Society of Circulation in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of The Korean Society of Circulation.

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    MeSH Terms
    Acute Coronary Syndrome
    Body Mass Index
    Brain
    Female
    Follow-Up Studies
    Heart Failure
    Humans
    Korea
    Male
    Myocardial Infarction
    Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
    Obesity
    Overweight
    Peptide Fragments
    Risk Factors
    Metrics
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