Skip to main content
Download PDF

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov.

Standards in Genomic Sciences volume 9, pages 987–1002 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov., strain JCBT, is the type strain of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov., a new species within the genus Corynebacterium. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from fecal flora of a 24-year-old Saudi male suffering from morbid obesity. Corynebacterium jeddahense is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, nonsporulating bacillus. Here, we describe the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome sequencing and annotation, and compare it to other member of the genus Corynebacterium. The 2,472,125 bp-long genome (1 chromosome but not plasmid) contains 2,359 protein-coding and 53 RNA genes, including 1 rRNA operon.

Introduction

Corynebacterium jeddahense strain JCBT (= CSUR P778 = DSM 45997) is the type strain of C. jeddahense sp. nov. This bacterium is a Gram-positive bacillus, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and non-motile that was isolated from the feces of a 24 year-old man living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, who suffered from morbid obesity. This isolation was part of a “culturomics” study aiming at cultivating the maximum number of bacterial species from human feces [1,2].

The current classification of bacteria remains a matter of debate and relies on a combination of phenotypic and genomic characteristics [3]. Currently, more than 12,000 bacterial genomes have been sequenced [4], and we recently proposed an innovative concept for the taxonomic description of new bacterial species that integrates their genomic characteristics [5–35] as well as proteomic information obtained by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis [36].

In the present study, we present a summary classification and a set of features for Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov., strain JCBT (CSUR P778 = DSM 45997), including the description of its complete genome sequence and annotation. These characteristics support the circumscription of the species Corynebacterium jeddahense. The genus Corynebacterium was created in 1896 by Lehmann and Neumann and currently consists of mainly Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria with a high DNA G+C content [37]. This genus belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria and currently includes more than 100 species with standing in nomenclature [38]. Members of the genus Corynebacterium are found in various environments including water, soil, sewage, and plants as well as in human normal skin flora and human or animals clinical samples. Some Corynebacterium species are well-established human pathogens while others are only considered as opportunistic pathogens. Corynebacterium diphteriae, causing diphtheria, is the most significant pathogen in this genus [39]. However, many Corynebacterium species including, among others, C. jeikeium, C. urealyticum, C. striatum, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, are recognized agents of bacteremias, endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and respiratory or wound infections [40].

Classification and features

A stool sample was collected from a 24-year-old man living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, who suffered from morbid obesity (BMI=52). The patient gave a signed informed consent. The study and the assent procedure were approved by the Ethics Committees of the King Abdulaziz University, King Fahd medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia, under agreement number 014-CEGMR-2-ETH-P, and of the Institut Fédératif de Recherche 48, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille, France, under agreement number 09-022. The patient was not taking any antibiotics at the time of stool sample collection and the fecal sample was kept at −80°C after collection. Strain JCBT (Table 1) was first isolated in July 2013 by cultivation on 5% sheep blood-enriched Columbia agar (BioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) in aerobic atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C after a 14-day preincubation of the stool sample in an aerobic blood culture bottle that also contained sterile rumen sheep fluid. Several other new bacterial species were isolated from this stool specimen using various culture conditions.

Table 1. Classification and general features of C. jeddahense strain JCBT according to the MIGS recommendations [41].
Full size table

This strain exhibited a 96.8% nucleotide sequence similarity with C. coyleae, the phylogenetically most closely related Corynebacterium species with a validly published name (Figure 1). The similarity value was lower than the 98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence threshold recommended by Stackebrandt and Ebers to delineate a new species without carrying out DNA-DNA hybridization [52], and was in the 82.9 to 99.60% range observed among members of the genus Corynebacterium with standing in the nomenclature [53].

Figure 1.
figure 1

Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of Corynebacterium jeddahense strain JCBT relative to other type strains within the genus Corynebacterium. GenBank accession numbers are indicated in parentheses. Sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences obtained using the maximum-likelihood method in the MEGA software package. Numbers at the nodes are percentages of bootstrap values obtained by repeating the analysis 500 times to generate a majority consensus tree. Mycobacterium avium was used as outgroup. The scale bar represents 1% nucleotide sequence divergence.

Full size image

Four growth temperatures (25, 30, 37, 45°C) were tested. Growth occurred between 30 and 45°C on blood-enriched Columbia agar (BioMerieux), with the optimal growth being obtained at 37°C after 48 hours of incubation. Growth of the strain was tested under anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions using GENbag Anaer and GENbag microaer systems, respectively (BioMerieux), and under aerobic conditions, with or without 5% CO2. Optimal growth was achieved aerobically. Weak cell growth was observed under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions. The motility test was negative and the cells were not sporulating. Colonies were translucent and 1 mm in diameter on blood-enriched Columbia agar. Cells were Gram-positive rods (Figure 2). In electron microscopy, the bacteria grown on agar had a mean diameter and length of 0.63 and 1.22 µm, respectively (Figure 3).

Figure 2.
figure 2

Gram-stain of C. jeddahense strain JCBT

Full size image
Figure 3.
figure 3

Transmission electron micrograph of C. jeddahense strain JCBT, taken using a Morgani 268D (Philips) at an operating voltage of 60kV. The scale bar represents 1 µm.

Full size image

Strain JCBT was catalase positive and oxidase negative. Using an API CORYNE strip, a positive reaction was observed only for alkaline phosphatase and for catalase. Negative reactions were observed for reduction of nitrates, pyrolidonyl arylamidase, pyrazinamidase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, β-glucosidase, urease, gelatin hydrolysis and fermentation of glucose, ribose xylose, mannitol, maltose, lactose, saccharose and glycogen. Using the Api Zym system (BioMerieux), alkaline and acid phosphatases and Naphtol-AS-BI phosphohydrolase activities were positive, but esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), trypsin, α-chemotrypsin, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, N actetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystin arylamidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase activities were negative.

Substrate oxidation and assimilation were examined with an API 50CH strip (BioMerieux) at 37°C. All reactions were negative, including fermentation of starch, glycogen, glycerol, erythritol, esculin ferric citrate, amygdalin, arbutin, salicin, L-arabinose, D-ribose, D-xylose, methyl β-D-xylopyranoside, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, D-mannitol, methyl α-D-xylopyranoside, methyl α-D-glucopyranoside, N-acetylglucosamine, D-cellobiose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-melibiose, D-saccharose, D-trehalose, inulin, D-raffinose, D-lyxose, D-arabinose, L-xylose, D-adonitol, L-sorbose, dulcitol, inositol, D-sorbitol, D-melezitose, D-xylitol, gentiobiose, D-turanose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, L-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, potassium gluconate, and potassium 2-ketogluconate.

C. jeddahense is susceptible to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, rifampin, gentamicin, doxycycline and vancomycin, but resistant to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, eyrthromycin and metronidazole. When compared with representative species from the genus Corynebacterium, C. jeddahense strain JCBT exhibited the phenotypic differences detailed in Table 2.

Table 2. Differential characteristics of C. jeddahense strain JCBT and closely related strains.
Full size table

(MALDI-TOF) MS protein analysis was carried out as previously described [36] using a Microflex spectrometer (Brüker Daltonics, Leipzig, Germany). Twelve individual colonies were deposited on a MTP 384 MALDI-TOF target plate (Brüker). The twelve spectra were imported into the MALDI BioTyper software (version 2.0, Brüker) and analyzed by standard pattern matching (with default parameter settings) against the main spectra of 4,706 bacteria, including 169 spectra from 69 validly named Corynebacterium species used as reference data in the BioTyper database. The score generated enabled the presumptive identification and discrimination of the tested species from those in a database: a score > 2 with a validated species enabled the identification at the species level; and a score < 1.7 did not enable any identification. For strain JCBT, no significant score was obtained, suggesting that our isolate was not a member of any known species (Figures 4 and 5).

Figure 4.
figure 4

Reference mass spectrum from C. jeddahense strain JCBT. Spectra from 12 individual colonies were compared and a reference spectrum was generated.

Full size image
Figure 5.
figure 5figure 5

Gel view comparing C. jeddahense strain JCBT (= CSUR P778 = DSM 45997) to other species from the genus Corynebacterium. The gel view displays the raw spectra of loaded spectrum files as a pseudo-electrophoretic gel. The x-axis records the m/z value. The left y-axis displays the running spectrum number originating from subsequent spectra loading. The peak intensity is expressed by a grey scale scheme code. The grey scale bar on the right y-axis indicates the relation between the shade of grey of the “band” and the peak intensity, in arbitrary units. Displayed species are indicated on the left.

Full size image

Genome sequencing information

Genome project history

The organism was selected for sequencing on the basis of its phylogenetic position, 16S rDNA similarity and phenotypic differences with members of the genus Corynebacterium and is part of a culturomics study of the human digestive flora aiming at isolating all bacterial species within human feces [2]. It was the 96th genome from a Corynebacterium species. The EMBL accession number is CBYN00000000and consists of 244 contigs. Table 3 shows the project information and its association with MIGS version 2.0 compliance [41].

Table 3. Project information
Full size table

Growth conditions and DNA isolation

C. jeddahense sp. nov strain JCBT (= CSUR P778 = DSM 45997) was grown aerobically on sheep blood-enriched Columbia agar medium at 37°C. Two petri dishes were spread and resuspended in 6x100µl of G2 buffer (EZI DNA Tissue Kit, Qiagen). A first mechanical lysis was performed using glass powder on the Fastprep-24 device (Sample Preparation System, MP Biomedicals, USA) using 2x20 second bursts. DNA was treated with 2.5µg/µL of lysozyme for 30 minutes at 37°C) and extracted using the BioRobot EZ 1 Advanced XL (Qiagen). The DNA was then concentrated and purified on a Qiamp kit (Qiagen). The DNA concentration, as measured by the Qubit assay with the high sensitivity kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), was 3.1ng/µl.

Genome sequencing and assembly

Genomic DNA of C. jeddahense was sequenced on a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA, USA) using both paired-end and mate-pair sequencing with the Nextera XT DNA sample and Nextera Mate Pair sample prep kits, respectively (Illumina).

To prepare the paired-end library, Genomic DNA was diluted 1:3 to obtain a 1ng/µl concentration. The “tagmentation” step fragmented and tagged the DNA with a mean size of 1.4kb. Then, a limited PCR amplification (12 cycles) completed the tag adapters and introduced dual-index barcodes. After purification on AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter Inc, Fullerton, CA, USA), the library was then normalized on specific beads according to the Nextera XT protocol (Illumina). The pooled single strand library was loaded onto the reagent cartridge and then onto the instrument along with the flow cell. Automated cluster generation and paired end sequencing with dual index reads were performed in a single 39-hours run in 2x250-bp. Total information of 5.3Gb was obtained from a 574 K/mm2 cluster density with a cluster passing quality control filters of 95.4% (11,188,000 clusters). Within this run, the index representation for Corynebacterium jeddahense was determined to 6.2%. The 641,099 reads were filtered according to the read qualities.

The mate-pair library was prepared with 1µg of genomic DNA using the Nextera mate-pair Illumina guide. The genomic DNA sample was simultaneously fragmented and tagged with a mate-pair junction adapter. The profile of the fragmentation was validated on an Agilent 2100 BioAnalyzer (Agilent Technologies Inc, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a DNA 7500 labchip. The DNA fragments ranged in size from 1kb up to 10kb with a mean size of 2.6kb. No size selection was performed and 105ng of tagmented fragments were circularized. The circularized DNA was mechanically sheared to small fragments with an optimal at 409bp on the Covaris device S2 in microtubes (Covaris, Woburn, MA, USA). The library profile was visualized on a High Sensitivity Bioanalyzer LabChip (Agilent Technologies Inc, Santa Clara, CA, USA). After a denaturation step and dilution at 10pM, the library was loaded onto the reagent cartridge and then onto the instrument along with the flow cell. Automated cluster generation and sequencing run were performed in a single 42-hour run in a 2x250-bp. Total information of 3.9Gb was obtained from a 399 K/mm2 cluster density with a cluster passing quality control filters of 97.9% (7,840,000 clusters). Within this run, the index representation for Corynebacterium jeddahense was determined to 8.17%. The 626,585 reads were filtered according to the read qualities. Genome assembly was performed using Newbler (Roche).

Genome annotation

Open Reading Frames (ORFs) were predicted using Prodigal [60] with default parameters. However, the predicted ORFs were excluded if they spanned a sequencing gap region. The predicted bacterial protein sequences were searched against GenBank [61] and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) databases using BLASTP. The tRNAs and rRNAs were predicted using the tRNAScanSE [62] and RNAmmer [63] tools, respectively. Lipoprotein signal peptides and numbers of transmembrane helices were predicted using SignalP [64] and TMHMM [65], respectively. ORFans were identified if their BLASTP E-value was lower than 1e−3 for alignment length greater than 80 amino acids. If alignment lengths were smaller than 80 amino acids, we use an E-value of 1e−5. Such parameter thresholds have already been used in previous works to define ORFans.

Artemis [66] and DNA Plotter [67] were used for data management and visualization of genomic features, respectively. The Mauve alignment tool (version 2.3.1) was used for multiple genomic sequence alignments [68]. To estimate the mean level of nucleotide sequence similarity at the genome level between C. jeddahense and another 4 members of the Corynebacterium genus (Tables 6A and 6B), we used the Average Genomic Identity Of gene Sequences (AGIOS) home-made software [35]. Briefly, this software combines the Proteinortho software [69] for detecting orthologous proteins between genomes compared two by two, then retrieves the corresponding genes and determines the mean percentage of nucleotide sequence identity among orthologous ORFs using the Needleman-Wunsch global alignment algorithm.

Genome properties

The genome C. jeddahense strain JCBT is 2,472,125 bp long (one chromosome, no plasmid) with a G+C content of 67.2% (Figure 6, Table 4). Of the 2,412 predicted chromosomal genes, 2,359 were protein-coding genes and 53 were RNAs. A total of 1,462 genes (60.61%) were assigned a putative function. Sixty-seven genes were identified as ORFans (2.77%) and the remaining genes were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The properties and statistics of the genome are summarized in Table 4. The distribution of genes into COGs functional categories is presented in Table 5.

Figure 6.
figure 6

Graphical circular map of the C. jeddahense strain JCBT genome. From the outside in, the outer two circles shows open reading frames oriented in the forward (colored by COG categories) and reverse (colored by COG categories) directions, respectively. The third circle marks the rRNA gene operon (red) and tRNA genes (green). The fourth circle shows the G+C% content plot. The inner-most circle shows GC skew, purple indicating negative values whereas olive for positive values.

Full size image
Table 4. Nucleotide content and gene count levels of the Chromosome
Full size table
Table 5. Number of genes associated with the 25 general COG functional categories
Full size table

Genome comparison of C. jeddahense with other Corynebacterium genomes

We compared the genome of C. jeddahense strain JCBT with those of C. efficiens YS-314T, C. lipophiloflavum strain DSM 44291T, C. glutamicum strain ATCC 13032T and C. pseudotuberculosis strain CIP 102968T (Table 6 and 7). The draft genome sequence of C. jeddahiense strain JCBT is larger than those of C. efficiens, C. lipophiloflavum and C. glutamicum (2.47, 2.26, 2.43 and 2.11 Mb, respectively), but smaller than that of C. pseudotuberculosis (2.48 Mb). The G+C content of C. jeddahense is larger than those of C. efficiens , C. lipophiloflavum, C. glutamicum and C. pseudotuberculosis (67.2, 62.9, 64.8, 53.8, and 52.1%, respectively). The gene content of C. jeddahense (2,359) is smaller than those of C. efficiens, C. lipophiloflavum and C. glutamicum (2,398, 2,371 and 2,993, respectively) but larger that of C. pseudotuberculosis (2,060). The distribution of genes into COG categories was similar but not identical in all four compared genomes (Figure 7).

Figure 7.
figure 7

Distribution of functional classes of predicted genes in the genomes from C. jeddahense JCBT (colored in sea blue), C. efficiens YS-314T (blue), C. lipophiloflavum strain DSM 44291T (green), C. glutamicum strain ATCC 13032T (yellow) and C. pseudotuberculosis strain CIP 102968T (red) chromosomes, according to the clusters of orthologous groups of proteins.

Full size image
Table 6. Genomic comparison of C. jeddahense and 4 other Corynebacterium species.†
Full size table
Table 7. Genomic comparison of C. jeddahense and 4 other Corynebacterium species. †
Full size table

In addition, C. jeddahense shared 1,369, 1,345, 1,385 and 1,230 orthologous genes with C. efficiens, C. lipophiloflavum, C. glutamicum and C. pseudotuberculosis, respectively. The AGIOS value ranged from 66.7 to 75.04 among compared Corynebacterium species except C. jeddahense. When compared to other species, the AGIOS value ranged from 66.44% with C. pseudotuberculosis to 77.26% with C. lipoflavum, thus confirming its new species status (Table 7).

Conclusion

On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses, we formally propose the creation of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov., that contains the strain JCBT. The strain has been isolated from the fecal flora of a Saudi man suffering from morbid obesity. Several other as yet undescribed bacterial species were also cultivated from different fecal samples through diversification of culture conditions [5–35], thus suggesting that the human fecal flora of humans remains partially unknown.

Description of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov.

Corynebacterium jeddahense (jed.dah.en’se N.L. neut. adj. Jeddah the name of the town in Saudi Arabia where the specimen was obtained).

Grows occurred between 30 and 45°C on blood-enriched Columbia agar (BioMerieux). Optimal growth obtained at 37°C in aerobic atmosphere. Weak growth obtained in microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions. Colonies are translucent and 1 mm in diameter. Not motile, not endospore-forming. Cells are Gram-positive rods and have a mean diameter and length of 0.63 and 1.22 µm, respectively. Catalase positive, oxidase negative. Using the API Coryne (BioMerieux) system, cells are alkaline phosphatase positive but negative for reduction of nitrates, pyrolidonyl arylamidase, pyrazinamidase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, β-glucosidase, urease, gelatin hydrolysis and fermentation of glucose, ribose xylose, mannitol, maltose, lactose, saccharose and glycogen. Using the Api Zym (BioMerieux) system, alkaline and acid phosphatases and Naphtol-AS-BI phosphohydrolase activities are positive, but esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), trypsin, α-chemotrypsin, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, N actetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystin arylamidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase activities are negative. Using the API 50CH system (BioMerieux), fermentation of starch, glycogen, glycerol, erythritol, esculin ferric citrate, amygdalin, arbutin, salicin, L-arabinose, D-ribose, D-xylose, methyl β-D-xylopyranoside, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, D-mannitol, methyl α-D-xylopyranoside, methyl α-D-glucopyranoside, N-acetylglucosamine, D-cellobiose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-melibiose, D-saccharose, D-trehalose, inulin, D-raffinose, D-lyxose, D-arabinose, L-xylose, D-adonitol, L-sorbose, dulcitol, inositol, D-sorbitol, D-melezitose, D-xylitol, gentiobiose, D-turanose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, L-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, potassium gluconate, and potassium 2-ketogluconate are negative. Cells are susceptible to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, rifampicin, gentamicin, doxycycline and vancomycin but resistant to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, eyrthromycin and metronidazole.

The G+C content of the genome is 67.2%. The 16S rRNA and genome sequences are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers HG726038 andCBYN00000000, respectively. The habitat of the microorganism is the human digestive tract. The type strain JCBT (= CSUR P778 = DSM 45997) was isolated from the fecal flora of a Saudi male who suffered from morbid obesity.

References

  1. Dubourg G, Lagier JC, Armougom F, Robert C, Hamad I, Brouqui P, Raoult D. The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 32:637–645. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1787-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lagier JC, Armougom F, Million M, Hugon P, Pagnier I, Robert C, Bittar F, Fournous G, Gimenez G, Maraninchi M, et al. Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:1185–1193. PubMed

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tindall BJ, Rosselló-Móra R, Busse HJ, Ludwig W, Kämpfer P. Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:249–266. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.016949-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Database GOLD. http://www.genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/index.cgi

  5. Roux V, Million M, Robert C, Magne A, Raoult D. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Oceanobacillus massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 9:370–384. http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4267953

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kokcha S, Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Million M, Leroy Q, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Bacillus timonensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:346–355. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2776064

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Nguyen TT, Armougom F, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:116–125. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2415480

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mishra AK, Gimenez G, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Genome sequence and description of Alistipes senegalensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:1–16. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2956294

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lagier JC, Armougom F, Mishra AK, Nguyen TT, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Alistipes timonensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:315–324. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2685971

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Clostridium senegalense sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:386–395. PubMed

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Peptoniphilus timonensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:1–11. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2956294

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Rivet R, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Paenibacillus senegalensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:70–81. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3056450

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lagier JC, Gimenez G, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Herbaspirillum massiliense sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:200–209. PubMed

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Roux V, El Karkouri K, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Kurthia massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:221–232. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3206554

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kokcha S, Ramasamy D, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Brevibacterium senegalense sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:233–245. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3256677

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ramasamy D, Kokcha S, Lagier JC, Nguyen TT, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Genome sequence and description of Aeromicrobium massiliense sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:246–257. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3306717

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lagier JC, Ramasamy D, Rivet R, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Cellulomonas massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:258–270. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3316719

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lagier JC, Elkarkouri K, Rivet R, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Senegalemassilia anaerobia gen. nov., sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 7:343–356. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3246665

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mishra AK, Hugon P, Lagier JC, Nguyen TT, Robert C, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Peptoniphilus obesi sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 7:357–369. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.32766871

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Nguyen TT, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Peptoniphilus senegalensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 7:370–381. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3366764

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Mishra AK, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Enterobacter massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 7:399–412. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3396830

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hugon P, Ramasamy D, Lagier JC, Rivet R, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Alistipes obesi sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 7:427–439. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3336746

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mishra AK, Hugon P, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Peptoniphilus grossensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:320–330. PubMed

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mishra AK, Hugon P, Lagier JC, Nguyen TT, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Enorma massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Family Coriobacteriaceae. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:290–305. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3426906

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ramasamy D, Lagier JC, Gorlas A, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Bacillus massiliosenegalensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:264–278. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3496989

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ramasamy D, Lagier JC, Nguyen TT, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Dielma fastidiosa gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Family Erysipelotrichaceae. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:336–351. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3567059

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Genome sequence and description of Timonella senegalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Micrococcinae. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:318–335. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3476977

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mishra AK, Pfleiderer A, Lagier JC, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Bacillus massilioanorexius sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:465–479. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4087826

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hugon P, Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Nguyen TT, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Brevibacillus massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:1–14. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.3466975

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hugon P, Mishra AK, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus vaginalis. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:356–365. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.2716452

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hugon P, Ramasamy D, Robert C, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Kallipyga massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XI. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:500–515. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4047997

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Padhmanabhan R, Lagier JC, Dangui NPM, Michelle C, Couderc C, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Megasphaera massiliensis. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:525–538. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4077819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mishra AK, Edouard S, Dangui NPM, Lagier JC, Caputo A, Blanc-Tailleur C, Ravaux I, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Nosocomiicoccus massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 9:205–219. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4378121

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Pfleiderer A, Nguyen TT, Caputo A, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Holdemania massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 9:395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4628316

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ramasamy D, Mishra AK, Lagier JC, Padhmanabhan R, Rossi-Tamisier M, Sentausa E, Raoult D, Fournier PE. A polyphasic strategy incorporating genomic data for the taxonomic description of new bacterial species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; (In press). PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.057091-0

  36. Seng P, Drancourt M, Gouriet F, La Scola B, Fournier PE, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:543–551. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/600885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Collins MD, Smida J, Stackebrandt E. Phylogenetic Evidence for the Transfer of Caseobacter polymorphus (Crombach) to the Genus Corynebacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1989; 39:7–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Aravena-Román M, Sproer C, Siering C, Inglis T, Schumann P, Yassin AF. Corynebacterium aquatimens sp. nov., a lipophilic Corynebacterium isolated from blood cultures of a patient with bacteremia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:380–384. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2012.06.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wagner KS, White JM, Lucenko I, Mercer D, Crowcroft NS, Neal S, Efstratiou A. Diphtheria in the postepidemic period, Europe, 2000–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:217–225. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110987

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bernard K. The genus corynebacterium and other medically relevant coryneform-like bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3152–3158. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00796-12

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Field D, Garrity G, Gray T, Morrison N, Selengut J, Sterk P, Tatusova T, Thomson N, Allen MJ, Angiuoli SV, et al. The minimum information about a genome sequence (MIGS) specification. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:541–547. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1360

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:4576–4579. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Garrity GM, Holt JG. The road map to the manual. In Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology 2011; 119–166.

  44. Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, Ward-Rainey NL. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:479–491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-2-479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1980; 30:225–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-30-1-225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhi XY, Li WJ, Stackebrandt E. An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:589–608. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65780-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Buchanan RE. Studies in the nomenclature and classification of bacteria. II. The primary subdivisions of the Schizomycetes. J Bacteriol 1917; 2:155–164. PubMed

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lehmann KB, Neumann R. Lehmann’s Medizin, Handatlanten. X Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik., Fourth Edition, Volume 2, J.F. Lehmann, München, 1907, p. 270.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bernard KA, Wiebe D, Burdz T, Reimer A, Ng B, Singh C, Schindle S, Pacheco AL. Assignment of Brevibacterium stationis (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Breed 1953 to the genus Corynebacterium, as Corynebacterium stationis comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Corynebacterium to include isolates that can alkalinize citrate. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:874–879. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.012641-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lehmann KB, Neumann R. Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik, First Edition, J.F. Lehmann, München, 1896, p. 1–448.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, et al. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nat Genet 2000; 25:25–29. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/75556

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Stackebrandt E, Ebers J. Taxonomic parameters revisited: tarnished gold standards. Microbiol Today 2006; 33:152–155.

    Google Scholar 

  53. 16S Youself database. (http://www.mediterranee-infection.com/articlephp?larub=152&titre=16s-yourself)

  54. Riegel P, Ruimy R, De Briel D, Prévost G, Jehl F, Christen R, Monteil H. Taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and related taxa, with recognition of Corynebacterium ulcerans sp. nov. nom. rev. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 126:271–276. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07429.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fudou R, Jojima Y, Seto A, Yamada K, Kimura E, Nakamatsu T, Hiraishi A, Yamanaka S. Corynebacterium efficiens sp. nov., a glutamic-acid-producing species from soil and vegetables. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:1127–1131. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02086-0

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Khinoshita S, Takayama S, Akita S. Taxonomical study of glutamic acid accumulating bacteria, Micrococcus glutamicus nov. sp. Bull Agric Chem Soc Jpn 1958; 22:176–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1924.22.176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Funke G, Hutson RA, Hilleringmann M, Heizmann WR, Collins MD. Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum sp. nov. isolated from a patient with bacterial vaginosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 150:219–224. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00118-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Funke G, Ramos CP, Collins MD. Corynebacterium coyleae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:92–96. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-1-92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yassin AF, Kroppenstedt RM, Ludwig W. Corynebacterium glaucum sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:705–709. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02394-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Prodigal. http://prodigal.ornl.gov

  61. Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Clark K, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Sayers EW. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:D48–D53. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr1202

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lowe TM, Eddy SR. tRNAscan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:955–964. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.5.0955

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lagesen K, Hallin P, Rødland EA, Staerfeldt HH, Rognes T, Ussery DW. RNAmmer: consistent and rapid annotation of ribosomal RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:3100–3108. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm160

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bendtsen JD, Nielsen H, von Heijne G, Brunak S. Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0. J Mol Biol 2004; 340:783–795. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.05.028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Krogh A, Larsson B, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer EL. Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes. J Mol Biol 2001; 305:567-. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rutherford K, Parkhill J, Crook J, Horsnell T, Rice P, Rajandream MA, Barrell B. Artemis: sequence visualization and annotation. Bioinformatics 2000; 16:944–945. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/16.10.944

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Carver T, Thomson N, Bleasby A, Berriman M, Parkhill J. DNA Plotter: circular and linear interactive genome visualization. Bioinformatics 2009; 25:119–120. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn578

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Darling AC, Mau B, Blattner FR, Perna NT. Mauve: multiple alignment of conserved genomic sequence with rearrangements. Genome Res 2004; 14:1394–1403. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.2289704

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Lechner M, Findeiss S, Steiner L, Marz M, Stadler PF, Prohaska SJ. Proteinortho: detection of (co-)orthologs in large-scale analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12:124. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-124

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, under grant No. (1-141/1433 HiCi). This study was also funded by the Mediterranée-Infection Foundation. The authors thank the Xegen Company for automating the genomic annotation process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Faculté de médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille cedex, France

    Sophie Edouard, Ramasamy Dhamodharan, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Catherine Robert, Aurelia Caputo, Pierre-Edouard Fournier & Didier Raoult

  2. Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Fehmida Bibi, Esam Ibraheen Azhar, Muhammad Yasir & Didier Raoult

  3. Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Esam Ibraheen Azhar

  4. Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Asif Ahmad Jiman-Fatani & Maha Alawi

  5. Infection Control Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Maha Alawi

Authors
  1. Sophie Edouard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fehmida Bibi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ramasamy Dhamodharan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jean-Christophe Lagier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Esam Ibraheen Azhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Catherine Robert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Aurelia Caputo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Muhammad Yasir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Asif Ahmad Jiman-Fatani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Maha Alawi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Pierre-Edouard Fournier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Didier Raoult
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Didier Raoult.

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Edouard, S., Bibi, F., Dhamodharan, R. et al. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Corynebacterium jeddahense sp. nov.. Stand in Genomic Sci 9, 987–1002 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.5561028

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.5561028

Keywords

Environmental Microbiome

ISSN: 2524-6372