Published online Dec 24, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2010.45.6.440
Analysis of Treatment Outcomes for Open Fractures of the Tibia in Children
Abstract
Purpose
Our objective was to analyze outcomes of treatment for open fractures of the tibia in children according to the classification of Gustilo-Anderson type.
Materials and Methods
We reviewed thirty five pediatric patients who underwent surgery for open fractures of the tibia between June 1998 and June 2007. We followed up over more than 1 year. Fractures were grouped into three types according to Gustilo-Anderson classification (Types I, II, and III). External fixation or flexible intramedullary nailing was used as the surgical method. We analyzed the period required to achieve radiologic bony union, tibial alignment, leg length discrepancy and complications. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Karlstrom-Olerud method.
Results
Radiologically, bony union was achieved in 11.35±3.08 weeks, 10.50±2.20 weeks, and 21.62±7.19 weeks for types I, II, and III, respectively. Delayed union occurred in one case of type II and 3 cases of type III fractures. Complications such as nonunion, malunion and osteomyelitis were seen only in type III. Clinical outcomes showed excellent or good results in all cases except one (type III).
Conclusion
Excellent outcomes for open fractures of the tibia in children can be obtained regardless of Gustilo-Anderson type when adequate procedures are performed.
Figure 1
(A) A 15-year-old female sustained open fracture of the tibia and fibula in Gustilo-Anderson type IIIA combined with brain injury. (B) At 4 weeks later, closed reduction and internal fixation with flexible intramedullary nail was performed. (C) Rotational deformity (40 degrees of external rotation) occurred at the 6-month follow up. (D) Deformity correction with external fixator was performed. (E) The photograph and radiograph at the last follow up show complete bony union and correction of rotational deformity.
Figure 2
(A) A 5-year-old male sustained open fracture of the tibia in Gustilo-Anderson type IIIC caused by traffic accident. (B) Closed reduction and external fixation with mono-fixator was performed. (C) However, extensive soft tissue infection and infected nonunion developed. (D) After resection of infected bone fragment, acute compression and lengthening procedure with Ilizarov apparatus was performed at the proximal tibia. (E) Excellent bone union was observed at the last follow-up.
Figure 3
This graph shows distribution of functional outcomes according to Gustilo-Anderson types. Excellent or good grade was achieved in all cases except one.
Figure 4
This graph shows distribution of functional outcomes according to treatment methods such as an external fixator and flexible IM nailing. There was no significant deference between the external fixator and flexible IM nailing.
Table 1
Patients' Data and Results
References
-
Court-Brown C. In: Bucholz R, Heckman J, Court-Brown C, editors. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. 2080-2146.
-
-
Buckley SL, Smith G, Sponseller PD, Thompson JD, Griffin PP. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:1462–1469.
-
-
Cullen MC, Roy DR, Crawford AH, Assenmacher J, Levy MS, Wen D. Open fracture of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996;78:1039–1047.
-
-
Hope PG, Cole WG. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992;74:546–553.
-
-
Kang CN, Kim JH, Kim DW, Gho YD, You JD, Chang J. The results and complications after treatment of open tibia fractures in children. J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11:464–470.
-
-
Yoon HK, Jeon KP, Oh KH, Jung DE, Km DJ, Kim HL. A clinical study of open fractures of the tibia in children. J Korean Soc Fract 1993;6:289–295.
-
-
Rosenthal RE, MacPhail JA, Oritz JE. Non-union in open tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59:244–248.
-
-
Karlström G, Olerud S. Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59:240–243.
-
-
Myers SH, Spiegel D, Flynn JM. External fixation of high-energy tibia fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 2007;27:537–539.
-
-
Tolo VT. External fixation in multiply injured children. Orthop Clin North Am 1990;21:393–400.
-
-
Gordon JE, Gregush RV, Schoenecker PL, Dobbs MB, Luhmann SJ. Complications after titanium elastic nailing of pediatric tibial fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 2007;27:442–446.
-