Development of a Coping Scale for Families of Patients with Schizophrenia

Seo, Ji Min; Byun, Eun Kyung; Park, Kyung Yeon; Kim, So Hee

doi:10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.738

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012 Oct;42(5):738-748. Korean.
Published online Oct 31, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.738

Original Article

Development of a Coping Scale for Families of Patients with Schizophrenia

Ji Min Seo,¹ Eun Kyung Byun,² Kyung Yeon Park,³ and So Hee Kim⁴

Author information

Author notes

Copyright and License

- ¹College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.
- ²Department of Nursing, Changshin University, Changwon, Korea.
- ³Department of Nursing, Silla University, Busan, Korea.
- ⁴Department of Nursing, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Korea.
Address reprint requests to: Byun, Eun Kyung. Department of Nursing, Changshin University, 262 Paryongro, Masanhoewon-gu, Changwon 630-764, Korea. Tel: +82-55-250-3173, Fax: +82-55-250-3170, Email: byunek@csc.ac.kr

Received September 05, 2011; Accepted September 28, 2012.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a coping scale for families of patients with schizophrenia(CSFPS).

Methods

Item construction was derived from literature reviews and interviews with family members and psychiatric nurses. Content validity was tested by experts. Each item was scored on a four-point Likert scale. The preliminary questionnaire was administered to 188 family members of patients with schizophrenia. The data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha.

Results

From the factor analysis, 32 items in five factors were derived. The factors were named active coping strategies, avoidance coping strategies, hospital treatment-oriented coping strategies, emotional coping strategies, and suppressive coping strategies for problematic behaviors. The five factors explained 49.7% of the total variance, Cronbach's alpha of the total items was .83 and the factors ranged from .66 to .86.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that CSFPS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure coping in families of patients with schizophrenia.

Keywords

Coping behavior; Schizophrenia; Family; Instruments

Figures

Figure 1
Conceptual framework of coping in families of patients with schizophrenia.

Click for larger image

Tables

Table 1
General Characteristics of Participants (N=188)

Click for larger image

Table 2
Factor Analysis (N=188)

Click for larger image

Table 3
Item Analysis of the Final Items (N=188)

Click for larger image

Table 4
Factor Correlations and Correlations of CSFPS, WCC and F-COPES (N=188)

Click for larger image

Notes

This work was supported by a Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund)(KRF-2008-331-E00416).

References

1. Bae SI, Rim HD, Kim YW. Stress perception and coping strategy of the families of psychiatric patients. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1990;29:885–895.
1. Boye B, Bentsen H, Ulstein I, Notland TH, Lersbryggen A, Lingjærde O, et al. Relatives' distress and patient's symptoms and behaviours: A prospective study of patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;104:42–50.
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00190.x.
1. Choi HK. The coping style and its impact on subjective burden of families caring for the mentally ill. Korean J Soc Welf Stud 2002;19:203–225.
1. Chon KK, Kim KH, Cho SW, Rho MR, Shon CR. Development of multidimensional coping scale. Korean J Clin Psychol 1994;13:114–135.
1. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. If it change it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985;48:150–170.
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.150.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Hatcher L. In: A step-by-step approach to using the SAS(R) system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS; 1994.
1. Huang XY, Sun FK, Yen WJ, Fu CM. The coping experiences of carers who live with someone who has schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs 2008;17:817–826.
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02130.x.
1. Jalowiec A, Powers MJ. Stress and coping in hypertensive and emergency room patients. Nurs Res 1981;30:10–15.
1. Kang HS, Chang SB. Development of college student's condom attitude scale. J Korean Acad Nurs 2004;34:751–759.
1. Kartalova-O'Doherty Y, Doherty DT. Coping strategies and styles of family carers of persons with enduring mental illness: A mixed methods analysis. Scand J Caring Sci 2008;22:19–28.
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00583.x.
1. Kim JH. In: Relations of perceived stress, cognitive set, and coping behaviors to depression. Seoul: Seoul National University; 1987.
  Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
1. Kim SYJ, Kim SA, Hyun MS. In: A new understanding and approach to family with mental illness patients. Seoul: Hyunmoonsa; 1999.
1. Kim JH, Lee JH. The relations between factors constructing stress coping style and depression. J Behav Sci 1985;7:127–138.
1. Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. Textbook of neuropsychiatry. Seoul: Joongang; 2005.
1. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. In: Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, Inc; 1984.
1. Lee EH. A study on the coping response of the family members of schizophrenia. Soc Welf Res Rev 2000;10:71–80.
1. Lee EO, Lim NY, Park HA, Lee IS, Kim JI, Bae JY, et al. In: Nursing research and statistical analysis. Seoul: Soomoonsa; 2009.
1. Lee GZ, Kim CK. The effect of mental health education using the videotape on the coping styles of the family members of schizophrenia. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2000;9:391–407.
1. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res 1986;35:382–385.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Rosa CD, Malangone C, Maj M. The National Mental Health Project Working Group. Family burden in long-term diseases: A comparative study in schizophrenia vs. physical disorders. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:313–322.
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.064.
1. McCubbin HI, Olson DH, Larsen AS. F-COPES: Family crisis oriented personal scales. In: McCubbin H, Thompson A, editors. Family assessment inventories for research and practice. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Maision; 1987. pp. 194-207.
1. Munro BH. In: Lee EH, Chung YH, Kim JS, Song RY, Hwang KYStatistical methods for health care research. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
  (Original work published 2004).
1. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. In: Psychometric theory. 3nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
1. Park HS. In: A study on the degree of stress and coping for the family of psychopathic patient. Gwangju: Chonnam National University; 1993.
  Unpublished master's thesis.
1. Schene AH. Objective and subjective dimensions of family burden: Towards an integrative framework for research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1990;25:289–297.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Seo JM. In: An inquiry into coping behavior of mothers with schizophrenic child. Busan: Pusan National University; 1998.
  Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
1. Stuart GW. In: Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2009.
1. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. In: Using multivariate statistics. 4th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2001.
1. Um MS. The family environment where one member of the family is receiving psychiatric care: A comparative group study. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 1992;1:17–38.
1. Yang OK. Families of the mentally ill-care burden, coping, and service needs. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1995;34:809–829.