p.1
p.9
p.14
p.22
p.33
p.54
p.61
p.68
p.74
Development of Self-Assembled Biomimetic Boc-Protected Peptide-Polymer Based Nanovehicles for Targeted Delivery to Tumor Cells
Abstract:
Although effective, chemotherapeutic drugs often cause undesired side-effects. Thus, encapsulating chemotherapeutic drugs into nanoscale drug delivery vehicles (DDVs) has the potential to reduce side effects and promote targeted delivery. By mimicking ABA like block-co-polymer systems, we have developed a new amphiphilic biomimetic co-polymer Boc-Ile-PEG-Ile-Boc which was found to readily self-assemble into nanomicelles within hydrophilic shell structures. To facilitate targeting tumor cells, the nanoassemblies were bound to folate, leading to the formation of core shell like structures (IBP-F). Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were then embedded followed by functionalization with a second layer of folate. The final DDV system abbreviated (IBP-F-Au-F) formed a multi-layered nanostructure that was capable of efficiently encapsulating the anti-tumor drug tamoxifen. For comparison, we also examined the efficacy of the IBP-F assemblies as DDVs in the absence of AuNPs and a second folate layer. Release profiles showed an initial burst release, followed by sustained release. The DDVs were found to be biocompatible. Upon encapsulating the DDVs with tamoxifen, cell proliferation was inhibited over a period of 72 hours for both DDVs, while non-cancerous dermal fibroblasts continued to proliferate, thus indicating specific targeting ability of the DDVs. Confocal microscopy studies conducted in the presence of human breast cancer cells, MDA-MDB 231 revealed that the drug loaded assemblies were successfully internalized within the cells. SPR analysis demonstrate that IBP-F-Au-F had a higher affinity for breast cancer cells over non-cancerous keratinocyte cells. Thus, we have developed a new family of DDVs that selectively targets tumor cells.
Info:
Periodical:
Pages:
33-53
Citation:
Online since:
October 2016
Keywords:
Price:
Permissions:
* - Corresponding Author
[1] D. J. Slamon, B. Leyland-Jones, S. Shak, H. Fuchs, V. Paton, A. Bajamonde, T. Fleming, W. Eiermann, J. Wolter, M. Pegram, J. Baselga, L. Norton, Use of Chemotherapy plus a Monoclonal Antibody against HER2 for Metastatic Breast Cancer That Overexpresses HER2, N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (2001).
[2] G. P. Murphy, S. Beckley, M. F. Brady, T. M. Chu, J. B. Dekernion, D. Dhabuwala, J. F. Gaeta, R. P. Gibbons, S. A. Loening, C. F. Mckiel, D. G. Mcleod, J. E. Pontes, G. R. Prout, P. T. Scardino, J. Schlegel, J. D. Schmidt, W. W. Scott, N. H. Slack, M. S. Soloway, Treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer patients with chemotherapy agents in combination with hormones versus hormones alone, Cancer 51 (1983).
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830401)51:7<1264::aid-cncr2820510716>3.0.co;2-u
[3] A. H. Partridge, H. J. Burstein, E. P. Winer, Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Combined Chemohormonal Therapy in Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer. Monogr. 93 (2001) 135-143.
[4] A. Yagoda, D. Petrylak, Cytotoxic chemotherapy for Advanced Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Cancer 71 (1993) 1098-1109.
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19930201)71:3+<1098::aid-cncr2820711432>3.0.co;2-g
[5] S. Sengupta, D. Eavarone, I. Capila, G. Zhao, N. Watson, T. Kiziltepe, R. Sasisekharan, Temporal Targeting of Tumour Cells and Neovasculature with a Nanoscale Delivery System, Nature 436 (2005) 568-572.
DOI: 10.1038/nature03794
[6] R. Sinha, G. J. Kim, S. Nie, D. Shin, Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapeutics: Bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery, Mol. Cancer Ther. 5 (2006) 1909-(1917).
[7] Y. Malam, M. Loizidou, A. M. Seifalian, Liposomes and Nanoparticles: Nanosized Vehicles for Drug Delivery in Cancer, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 30 (2009) 592-599.
[8] D. Peer, J. M. Karp, S. Hong, O. C. Farokhzad, R. Margalit, R. Langer, Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 (2007) 751-760.
[9] K. Cho, X. Wang, S. Nie, Z. Chen, D. M. Shin, Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer, Clin. Cancer Res. 14 (2008) 1310-1316.
[10] R. Bhatt, P. de Vries, J. Tulinsky, G. Bellamy, B. Baker, J. Singer, P.J. Klein, Synthesis and in Vivo Antitumor Activity of Poly(l-glutamic acid) Conjugates of 20(S)-Camptothecin, J. Med. Chem. 46 (2003) 190-193.
DOI: 10.1021/jm020022r
[11] U. Kedar, P. Phutane, S. Shdihaye, V. Kadam, Advances in Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery and Tumor Targeting, Nanomedicine 6 (2010) 714-729.
[12] Z. Liu, X. Sun, N. Nakayama-Ratchford, H. Dai, Supramolecular Chemistry on Water-Soluble Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Loading and Delivery, ACS Nano 1 (2007) 50-56.
DOI: 10.1021/nn700040t
[13] C. Lee, J. MacKay, J. Fréchet, F. Szoka, Designing Dendrimers for Biological Applications, Nat. Biotechnol. 23 (2005) 1517-1526.
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1171
[14] A. Sharma, U. Sharma, Liposomes in Drug Delivery: Progress and Limitations, Int. J. Pharm. 154 (1997) 123-140.
[15] Q. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Zhen, D. Liu, Self-Assembled Peptide Nanotubes as Potential Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 25461-25469.
DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03304c
[16] H. Liu, J. Chen, Q. Shen, W. Fu, W. Wu, Molecular Insights on the Cyclic Peptide Nanotube-Mediated Transportation of Antitumor Drug 5-Fluorouracil, Mol. Pharm. 7 (2010) 1985-(1994).
DOI: 10.1021/mp100274f
[17] J. A. MacKay, M. Chen, J. R. McDaniel, W. Liu, A. J. Simnick, A. Chilkoti, Self-assembling Chimeric Polypeptide–Doxorubicin Conjugate Nanoparticles that abolish Tumours after a Single injection Nat. Mater. 8 (2009) 993-999.
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2569
[18] R. Ischakov, L. Adler-Abramovich, L. Buzhansky, T. Shekhter, E. Gazit, Peptide Based Hydrogel Nanoparticles as Effective Drug Delivery Agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 21 (2013) 3517-3522.
[19] R. Huang, Q. Wei, L. Feng, R. Su, Z. He, Self-Assembling Peptide-Polysaccharide Hybrid Hydrogel as a Potential Carrier for Drug Delivery, Soft Matter, 7 (2011) 6222-6230.
DOI: 10.1039/c1sm05375b
[20] R. J. Lee, P. S. Low, Folate Mediated Cell Targeting of Liposome-Entrapped Doxorubicin in vitro BBA-Biomembranes 1233 (1995) 134-144.
[21] Z. Liu, J. T. Robinson, X. Sun, H. Dai, PEGylated Nanographene Oxide for Delivery of Water-Insoluble Cancer Drugs, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 10876-10877.
DOI: 10.1021/ja803688x
[22] R. J. Lee, P. S. Low, Delivery of Liposomes into cultured KB cells via Folate Receptor-mediated Endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 3198-3204.
[23] P. Singh, U. Gupta, A. Asthana, N. K. Jain, Folate and Folate−PEG−PAMAM Dendrimers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery Potential in Tumor Bearing Mice, Bioconjugate Chem. 19 (2008) 2239-2252.
DOI: 10.1021/bc800125u
[24] A. Gabizon, A. T. Horowitz, D. Goren, D. Tzemach, F. Mandelbaum-Shavit, M. M. Qazen, S. Zalipsky, Targeting Folate Receptor with Folate Linked to Extremities of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Grafted Liposomes: In Vitro Studies, Bioconjugate Chem. 10 (1999).
DOI: 10.1021/bc9801124
[25] E. Song, Z. L. Zhang, Q. Y. Luo, W. Lu, Y. B. Shi, D. Pang, W. Tumor cell targeting using folate-conjugated fluorescent quantum dots and receptor-mediated endocytosis, Clin. Chem. 55 (2009) 955-963.
[26] D. J. O'Shannessy, E. B. Somers, J. Maltzman, R. Smale, Y. Fu, Folate receptor alpha (FRA) expression in breast cancer: identification of a new molecular subtype and association with triple negative disease, Springer Plus 1 (2012) 22.
[27] F. Wang, Y. Chen, D. Zhang, Q. Zhang, D. Zheng, L. Hao, Y. Liu, C. Duan, L. Jia, G. Liu, Folate-mediated targeted and intracellular delivery of paclitaxel using a novel deoxycholic acid-O-carboxymethylated chitosan-folic acid micelles, Int. J. Nanomed. 7 (2012).
DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s27823
[28] A. K. Khan, R. Rashid, G. Murtaza, Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Drug Delivery, A. Zahra, J. Trop. Pharm. Res. 13 (2014)1169-1177.
[29] P. Ghosh, G. Han, M. De, C. Kim, V. Rotello, Gold Nanoparticles in Delivery Applications, Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 60 (2008) 1307-1315.
[30] G. Han, P. Ghosh, V. M. Rotello. Functionalized Gold nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Nanomedicine 2 (2007) 113-123.
[31] J. Chen, M, Yang, Q. Zhang, E. C. Cho, C. M. Cobley, C. Kim, C. Glaus, L. V. Wang, M. J. Welch, J. Xia, Gold Nanocages: A Novel Class of Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Theranostic Applications, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2010) 3684-3694.
[32] R. A. Sperling, T. Pellegrino, J. K. Li, W. H. Chang, W. J. Parak, Electrophoretic Separation of Nanoparticles with a Discrete Number of Functional Groups, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16 (2006) 943-948.
[33] X. Yang, Y. Chen, R. Yuan, G. Chen, E. Blanco, J. Gao, X. Shuai, Folate-encoded and Fe3O4-loaded polymeric micelles for dual targeting of cancer cells, Polymer, 49 (2008) 3477-3485.
[34] O. Abe, Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, The Lancet 351 (1998) 1451-1467.
[35] A. Renodon, J. Boucher, M. Sari, M. Delaforge, J. Ouazzani, D. Mansuy, Strong Inhibition of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase by the Calmodulin Antagonist and Anti-Estrogen Drug Tamoxifen Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 (1997) 1109-1114.
[36] Y. L. Ottaviano, J. Issa, F. F. Parl, H. S. Smith, S. B. Baylin, N. E. Davidson, Methylation of the Estrogen Receptor Gene CpG Island Marks Loss of Estrogen Receptor Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells, Cancer Res. 54 (1994) 2552-2555.
[37] A. J. Stewart, M. D Johnson, F. E. B. May, B. R. Westley, Role of insulin-like growth factors and the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in the estrogen-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells, J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990).
[38] S. G. Nayfield, J. E. Karp, L. G. Ford, F. A. Dorr, B. S. Kramer, Potential Role of Tamoxifen in Prevention of Breast Cancer, J. Natl. Cancer I. 82 (1991) 1450-1459.
[39] J. R. Garreau, T. DeLaMelena, D. Walts, Karamlou, K. Johnson, Side effects of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen: the patients' perspective, Am. J. Surg. 192 (2006) 496-498.
[40] J. Chomoucka, J. Drbohlavova, D. Huska, V. Adam, R. Kizek, J. Hubalek, Magnetic nanoparticles and targeted èdrug delivering, Pharmacol. Res. 62 (2010) 144-149.
[41] R. Jayakumar, M. Murugesan, C. Asokan, M. A. Sciboh, Self-Assembly of a Peptide Boc−(Ile)5−OMe in Chloroform and N, N-Dimethylformamide, Langmuir 16 (2000) 1489-1496.
DOI: 10.1021/la990004l
[42] J. S. Choi, D. K. Joo, C. H. Kim, K. Kin, J. S. Park, Synthesis of a Barbell-like Triblock Copolymer, Poly(l-lysine) Dendrimer-block-Poly (ethylene glycol)-block-Poly(l-lysine) Dendrimer, and Its Self-Assembly with Plasmid DNA, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000).
DOI: 10.1021/ja9931473
[43] P. M. Tiwari, K. Vig, V. A. Dennis, S. R. Singh, Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications, Nanomaterials 1 (2011) 31-63.
DOI: 10.3390/nano1010031
[44] J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold, J. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 11 (1951) 55-75.
DOI: 10.1039/df9511100055
[45] W. Haiss, N. T. K. Thanh, J. Aveyard, D. G. Fernig, Determination of Size and Concentration of Gold Nanoparticles from UV−Vis Spectra, Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 4215-4221.
DOI: 10.1021/ac0702084
[46] M. Wirde, U. Gelius, Self-Assembled Monolayers of Cystamine and Cysteamine on Gold Studied by XPS and Voltammetry, Langmuir 15 (1999) 6370-6378.
DOI: 10.1021/la9903245
[47] S. Zhang, Fabrication of Novel Biomaterials through Molecular Self-Assembly, Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1171-1178.
DOI: 10.1038/nbt874
[48] M. Zhang, X. H. Li, Y. D. Gong, N. M. Zhao, X. F. Zhang, Properties and Biocompatibility of chitosan films modified by blending with PEG, Biomaterials 23 (2002) 2641-2648.
[49] D. Chandler, Interfaces and the driving force of hydrophobic assembly, Nature 437 (2005) 640-647.
DOI: 10.1038/nature04162
[50] R. R. Sawant, V. P. Torchillin, Polymeric micelles: polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE)-based micelles as an example, Methods Mol. Biol. 624 (2010) 131-149.
[51] F. Ahmed, D. E. Discher, Self-porating polymersomes of PEG-PLA and PEG-PCL: hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles, J. Control. Release 96 (2004) 37-53.
[52] D. J. Owen, Linking endocytic cargo to clathrin: structural and functional insights into coated vesicle formation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 32 (2004) 1-14.
DOI: 10.1042/bst0320001
[53] G. Motkar, M. Lonare, O. Patil, S. Mohanty, Self-assembly of folic acid in aqueous media, AIChE J. 59 (2013) 1360-1368.
DOI: 10.1002/aic.14066
[54] Y. Kamikawa, M. Nishii, T. Kato, Self-Assembly of Folic Acid Derivatives: Induction of Supramolecular Chirality by Hierarchical Chiral Structures, Chem. Eur. J. 10 (2004) 5942-5951.
[55] R. Bongartz, D. Ag, M. Seleci, J. G. Walter, E. E. Yalcinkaya, D. O. Demirkol, F. Stahl, S. Timur, T. Scheper, Folic acid-modified clay: targeted surface design for cell culture applications, J. Mater. Chem. B. 1 (2012) 522-528.
DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00328g
[56] J. Y. Lee, P. C. Painter, M. M. Coleman, Hydrogen bonding in polymer blends. 3. Blends involving polymers containing methacrylic acid and ether groups, Macromolecules, 21 (1988) 346-354.
DOI: 10.1021/ma00180a011
[57] P. L. Privalov, S. J. Gill, Stability of protein structure and hydrophobic interaction, Adv. Protein Chem. 39 (1988) 191-234.
[58] M. Sturtevant, Heat capacity and entropy changes in processes involving proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 (1977) 2236-2240.
[59] C. Garrido, N. Dahl, C. A. Simpson, J. Bresee, D. Feldhein, D. M. Margolis, XIX International Aids Conference, (2012) July 22.
[60] Y. Xu, Q. Cao, F. Svec, J. M. Fréchet, Porous Polymer Monolithic Column with Surface-Bound Gold Nanoparticles for the Capture and Separation of Cysteine-Containing Peptides, Anal. Chem. 82 (2010) 3352-3358.
DOI: 10.1021/ac1002646
[61] G. M. Khan, Controlled release oral dosage forms: Some recent advances in matrix type drug delivery systems, J. Med. Sci. 1 (2001) 350-354.
[62] P. Li, Y. Wang, F. Zeng, L. Chen, Z. Peng, L. X. Kong, Synthesis and characterization of folate conjugated chitosan and cellular uptake of its nanoparticles in HT-29 cells, Carbohydrate. Res. 346 (2011) 801-806.
[63] K. G. Thomas, P. V. Kamat, Making Gold Nanoparticles Glow: Enhanced Emission from a Surface-Bound Fluoroprobe, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 2655-2656.
DOI: 10.1021/ja9941835
[64] J. L. Zhang, R. S. Srivastava, R. D. K. Misra, Core−Shell Magnetite Nanoparticles Surface Encapsulated with Smart Stimuli-Responsive Polymer: Synthesis, Characterization, and LCST of Viable Drug-Targeting Delivery System, Langmuir, 23 (2007).
DOI: 10.1021/la0636199
[65] F. Li, H. Zhang, B. Dever, X. F. Li, X. C. Le, Thermal Stability of DNA Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles, Bioconj. Chem. 24 (2013) 1790-1797.
DOI: 10.1021/bc300687z
[66] G. Von White, Y. Chen, J. Roder-Hanna, G. D. Bothun, C. L. Kitchens, Structural and Thermal Analysis of Lipid Vesicles Encapsulating Hydrophobic Gold Nanoparticles, ACS Nano, 6 (2012) 4678-4685.
DOI: 10.1021/nn2042016
[67] S. Ashwini, S. Durraivel, J. Balasubramanian, B. Mounika, B. N. Kumar, S Sivaneswari, N. Preethi, V. A. Kumar, S. V. Murthy, Formulation of sustained release drug delivery of carbamazepine to modulate release of drug to achieve specific clinical purpose, Der Pharmacia Sinica 5 (2014).
[68] Y. Yeo, K. Park, Control of encapsulation efficiency and initial burst in polymeric microparticle systems, Arch. Pharm. Res. 27 (2004) 1-12.
DOI: 10.1007/bf02980037
[69] C. Barbé, J. Bartlett, L. Kong, K. Finnie, H. Q. Lin, M. Larkin, S. Calleja, A. Bush, G. Calleja, Silica Particles: A Novel Drug-Delivery System, Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 1959-(1966).
[70] G. Tiwari, R. Tiwari, B. Sriwastava, L. Bhati, S. Pandey, P. Pandey, S. Bannerjee, Drug delivery systems: An updated review, Int. J. Pharm. Investig. 2 (2012) 2-11.
[71] S. A. Curley, F. Izzo, L. A. Ellis, J. N. Vauthey, P. Vallone, Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular cancer in 110 patients with cirrhosis, Ann. Surg. 232 (2000) 381-391.
[72] K. Muenstedt, S. El-Safadi, Nutritive Supplements - Help or Harm for Breast Cancer Patients? Breast Care 5 (2010) 383-387.
DOI: 10.1159/000322651
[73] L. Ghibelli, C. Nosseri, S. Coppola, V. Maresca, L. Dini, The Increase in H2O2-Induced Apoptosis by ADP-Ribosylation Inhibitors Is Related to Cell Blebbing, Exp. Cell Res. 221 (1995) 470-477.
[74] S. D. Weitman, R. H. Lark, L. R. Coney, D. Fort, V. Frasca, V. Zurawski Jr., B. Kamen, Distribution of the folate receptor GP38 in normal and malignant cell lines and tissues, Cancer Res. 52 (1992) 3396-3401.
[75] D. Hu, Z. Sheng, S. Fang, Y. Wang, D. Gao, P. Zhang, P. Gong, Y. Ma, L. Cai, Folate receptor-targeting gold nanoclusters as fluorescence enzyme mimetic nanoprobes for tumor molecular colocalization diagnosis, Theranostics, 4 (2014) 142-153.
DOI: 10.7150/thno.7266
[76] R. Cailleau, R. Young, M. Olive, W. Reeves, Breast tumor cell lines from pleural effusions, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1974, 53, 661-674.
[77] A. Duarte, J. C. G. Esteves da Silva, Reduced Fluoresceinamine as a Fluorescent Sensor for Nitric Oxide, Sensors, 10 (2010) 166-1669.
DOI: 10.3390/s100301661
[78] Y. Liu, M. Shipton, J. Ryan, E. Kaufman, S. Franzen, D. Feldheim, D. L. Synthesis, Stability, and Cellular Internalization of Gold Nanoparticles Containing Mixed Peptide−Poly(ethylene glycol) Monolayers Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 2221-2229.
DOI: 10.1021/ac061578f
[79] G. Wegner, H. Lee, R. Corn, Anal. Chem. Characterization and Optimization of Peptide Arrays for the Study of Epitope−Antibody Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging, 74 (2002) 5161-5168.
DOI: 10.1021/ac025922u
[80] C. Bich, M. Scott, A. Panagiotidis, R. Wenzel, A. Nazabal, R. Zenobi, Characterization of antibody-antigen interactions: comparison between surface plasmon resonance measurements and high-mass matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, Anal. Biochem. 375 (2008).
[81] F. Yao, R. Zhang, H. Tian, X. Li, Studies on the Interactions of Copper and Zinc Ions with β-Amyloid Peptides by a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13 (2012) 11832-11843.
[82] W. Wang, L. Yin, L. Gonzalez-Malerva, S. Wang, X. Yu, S. Eaton, S. Zhang, H. Chen, J. LaBaer, N. Tao, In situ drug-receptor binding kinetics in single cells: a quantitative label-free study of anti-tumor drug resistance, Scientific Reports 4 (2014).
DOI: 10.1038/srep06609
[83] R. Shervedani, A. Farahbakhsh, M. Bagherzadeh, Functionalization of gold cysteamine self-assembled monolayer with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a novel nanosensor, Anal. Chim. Acta, 587 (2007) 254-262.
[84] J. Madhusudhannan, S. Sandhya, S. Malathi, Folate Mediated Drug Delivery using Nanoparticle, Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 3 (2013) 155-160.
[85] A. Llevot, D. Astruc, Applications of vectorized gold nanoparticles to the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2012) 242-257.
DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15080d
[86] J. Pan, S-S Feng, Targeting and imaging cancer cells by Folate-decorated, quantum dots (QDs)- loaded nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers, Biomaterials 30 (2009) 1176-1183.
[87] E. K. Shanle, W. Xu, Selectively targeting Estrogen Receptors for Cancer Treatment, Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 62 (2010) 1265-1276.
[88] P. Katsamba, I. Naratilova, M. Calderon-Cacia, L. Fan, K. Thonton, M. Zhu, T. Bos, C. Forte, D. Friend, I. Laird-Offringa, G. Tavares, J. Whatley, E. Shi, A. Widom, K. Lindquist, S. Klakamp, A. Drake, D. Bohmann, M. Roell, L. Rose, J. Dorocke, B. Roth, B. Luginbuhl, D. Myszka, Kinetic analysis of a high-affinity antibody/antigen interaction performed by multiple Biacore users, Anal. Biochem. 352 (2006).
[89] R. Rich, D. Myszka, Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature, J. Mol. Recognition, 21 (2008) 355-400.
DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928