Clinical Presentations and Phenotypic Spectrum of Multiple Sclerosis at a University Hospital in Saudi Arabia

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most-common immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, with a wide range and heterogeneous clinical presentations with no definitive symptoms, but with certain highly characteristic symptoms and signs such as unilateral subacute visual loss, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, subcute spinal-cord syndromes, fatigue, and heat sensitivity. Common symptoms and signs of MS in decreasing order of presentation frequency are sensory symptoms in the limbs or face, unilateral visual loss, subacute motor weakness, diplopia, balance problems with gait disturbances, vertigo, limb ataxia, bladder symptoms, and pain.1 The main MS phenotypes are relapsing disease and progressive disease, which are further classified into several clinical subtypes depending on the disease activity (with relapses or new MRI lesions forming over time).2 Typically 85–90% of patients have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) presenting as the first manifestations in the form of optic neuritis, pyramidal-tract symptoms, brainstem, and spinal-cord symptoms.3, 4 Typically 5–10% of patients have primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), with the most-common presentation of a spinal-cord syndrome without a sensory level.5 Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is seen at 12–19 years after the RRMS onset, when there is gradual worsening of disability with or without occasional relapses and minor remissions.6, 7, 8 Recent advances in neuroimaging and biomarker research have resulted in SPMS being further defined for better understanding of the exact phenotype and its course.

The epidemiology of MS has been studied extensively and reported mainly for Western countries due to high prevalence of MS in Caucasians.9, 10 The variation in prevalence is interrelated with geographical location and genetic factors. While the prevalence of MS is higher in Northern Europe, America, and South Australia than in Asia and Africa, there have been many reports of MS increasing in parts of the world with a low prevalence.11, 12, 13 The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and clinical presentation of MS patients in the Saudi population in order to obtain a better understanding among physicians of the disease activity, prognosis, and decision-making. This will open a different horizon for future research and management decisions in these patients.

This retrospective cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of University Alkhobar in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from April to October 2017 after Institutional Review Board approval (IRB No. 2017-01-027) had been received from the university. Data were obtained for 224 male and female patients aged >14 years who presented to the hospital with a suspected demyelinating disorder and who were investigated with brain and spine MRI with gadolinium enhancement from January to December 2016. Some of the initially enrolled patients out to have MS-mimicking conditions such as neuromyelitis optica, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and vasculitis, and they were excluded from study. Only 190 patients who fulfilled the McDonald criteria for MS who had regular findings in subsequent follow-up MRI and patients with CIS were included in this study.

The different phenotypic patterns of disease were defined as follows:

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the 190 patients with MS included in this study are presented in Table 1 and 2. About two-thirds of the participants were female (n=160, 62.6%), giving a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.6. The cases were aged 32.6±8.8 years, and their age at disease onset was 26.27±8.2 years, while the disease duration was 6.38±5.10 years. Most (n=179, 94.2%) of the cases were of Saudi origin. The 190 cases comprised 144 (75.8%) of RRMS, 23 (12.1%) of SPMS, 18 (9.5%) of CIS, and 5 (2.6%) of PPMS. Age, sex, disease duration, and the number of MRI gadolinium-enhanced lesions in each phenotype are presented in Table 3. Optic neuritis and myelitis were the most-frequent first clinical presentations of the disease, comprising 53 (27.9%) of cases, while brainstem and pyramidal-tract manifestations comprised 42 (22.1%) of the cases of first clinical attack. Other subsequent clinical manifestations are presented in Fig. 1. The frequency and distribution of clinical symptoms in each phenotype are further presented in Table 4. The frequencies of T2-weighted MRI lesions in the cases are presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1
Frequencies of different clinical symptoms (n=190).

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Fig. 2
Frequencies of T2-weighted MRI lesion sites (n=190).

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Table 1
Demographic characteristics of cases with multiple sclerosis (n=190)

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Table 2
Clinical characteristics of cases with multiple sclerosis (n=190)

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Table 3
Age, gender, age at onset, disease duration, and gadolinium-enhanced lesions in each multiple sclerosis phenotype (n=190)

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Table 4
Frequency and distribution of clinical symptoms in each multiple sclerosis phenotype

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In more than two-thirds of the cases (n=156, 82.1%) the EDSS scores were within the range of 1.0–5.5, while in 27 (14.2%) cases the EDSS scores were within the range of 6.0–6.5, and only 7 (3.7%) cases had EDSS scores within the range of 7.0–7.5. No case had an EDSS score of 7.5 in this study. More than half of the 128 (67.4%) patients were taking interferon β-1a (IFNβ-1a), and 18 (9.5%) were taking IFNβ-1b while only 12 (6.3%) were receiving a different oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT), 4 (2.1%) were taking natalizumab and 32 (16.8%) were not being treated.

The prevalence of MS is changing rapidly in different parts of the world.14, 15, 16 There are many factors underlying these changes, such as lifestyle modifications, changes in certain environmental factors, or simply an increased awareness and better diagnosis of the disease.17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Similar studies from the Middle East and other parts of the Arab world have shown variable prevalence rates of MS.22 The prevalence and pattern of clinical presentation have been studied previously in the KSA.23, 24

The demographic data obtained this study are similar to those in other local studies, with a few notable differences. This study found that MS is more common in females than males, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.6. Daif et al.24 reported similar observations for a hospital-based study in KSA,24 while Yaqub reported that this ratio was 4.3 in another study from KSA.23 As with other autoimmune disorders, there is a slight female dominance worldwide, with a small amount of variability in the ratio in different parts of world, such as 3.0 in East Asia and 2.6 in the USA. There was a slightly higher number of male patients with MS in KSA that resulted in this ratio being different from that in the Yaqub study.23

The age at onset in our study was 26.27±8.2 years, which is almost same as that of 27.7±7.8 years in the study of Daif et al.24 The overall mean age at onset in the Middle East is 28.54 years, which is similar to that in Western countries and other parts of the world. The youngest age at presentation in our study was 9 years, for which the diagnosis was of pediatric MS, and this patient later presented in an adult neurology clinic at 14 years of age. The oldest age at presentation was 58 years. The youngest age at presentation in the literature is before 10 years, and MS is rarely seen in the eighth decade of life.25, 26 The duration of disease in the present study was 6.38±5.11 years, ranging between 1 and 20 years, whereas other studies from the Middle East have found disease durations of 3.9±9.3 and 5.5±4.7 years.13, 27

In this study optic neuritis and myelitis were the most-frequent first clinical presentations of disease, while brainstem and pyramidal-tract findings as well as ataxia, vertigo, and hemisensory loss were less-frequent first clinical presentations. These findings are consistent with other studies from the region.20, 28, 29 Optic-nerve and spinal-cord involvement, with predominant visual impairment in the beginning of the course, is more commonly reported in Asian countries.

Among other symptoms, fatigue was reported in one-third of our cases. A study from Pakistan found fatigue in 25% of cases.30 Dysarthria, psychiatric, and memory disturbances were also seen in up to 10% of the cases in our study. Other cranial-nerve symptoms and signs including facial weakness, hearing loss, and trigeminal neuralgia were seen in up to 6% of cases. Seizures were seen only in two patients (1%).

The clinical phenotype was RRMS in 75% of our cases and 60.7% in the study of Daif et al.24 A higher frequency is probably attributable to early diagnoses resulting from the better availability of services and imaging facilities along with modifications and revisions of diagnostic criteria for MS. An earlier diagnosis can lead to treatment starting earlier and reducing the probability of RRMS converting to SPMS over time. The frequency of SPMS was 11.1% in our study, and only 3.7% of the cases had PPMS; in contrast Daif et al.24 observed no cases of SPMS, while 19.1% of their cases were PPMS and 20% were progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS). These findings need to be reconsidered since PRMS has been eliminated and categorized as PPMS with activity and CIS is now considered part of the spectrum of MS after the 2013 revisions by the international advisory committee on clinical trials of MS.8 The clinical phenotype findings in our study were very similar to those found in recent studies from the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.31, 32

Supratentorial T2-weighted white-matter lesion lesions and deep-gray-matter or juxtacortical lesions were the most-frequent MRI lesions, comprising 28% and 23.7% of all MRI lesions observed in 93.6% and 79.4% of the cases, respectively. Optic-nerve and spinal-cord lesions were seen in 12.1% and 45.7% of the cases, respectively; despite their high presentation frequency clinically, cord lesions are small and peripheral and so they can be missed in conventional MRI. They can be detected more easily in short-time inversion recovery MRI sequences, and these are not obtained in all cases. Cerebellar and brainstem involvement were seen in 9–10% of the MRI lesions, which is similar to the rate seen in Western countries.33, 34

Gadolinium-enhanced lesions comprised 11.62% of all lesions, and it was observed that their frequency was higher (57.1%) in SPMS cases than in RRMS (38.9%) and CIS (22.1%) cases. Two (28.6%) of the seven PPMS cases had gadolinium-enhanced lesions in this study, suggesting that a continuous inflammatory process was ongoing in cases of SPMS compared to other subtypes and that PPMS tends to be a more-progressive disease process that often presents with less-prominent gadolinium enhancement.35, 36

About two-thirds of our patients (82.1%) had EDSS scores within the range of 1.0–5.5, reflecting functional mobility without requiring any walking aid. This indicates either a relatively benign course of disease or treatment-responsive disease in this population. However, studies from different parts of the world have also found mean EDSS scores of around 2 and 3. A Brazil study found that the EDSS score was 3.50±1.9,37 while a study of newly diagnosed MS from Qatar found a mean EDSS score of 2.4 (median=2), reflecting a lower level of clinical progression despite a higher radiological burden,38 and a study of 200 MS cases from Iran found that the EDSS score was 2.1±1.9.13 None of our patients had an EDSS score higher than 7.5 because patients with higher disability scores are bedridden, receives supportive treatment only.

Regarding the distribution of DMTs in this case series, 66.8% of the 127 patients were taking IFNβ-1a, including both subcutaneous and intramuscular on alternate days, and once-weekly regimens depending upon the physician decision and patient acceptance, tolerability, and drug availability. There were 18 (9.5%) patients taking IFNβ-1b, while only 12 (6.3%) of cases were receiving a different oral DMT at other centers, including teriflunomide (n=4), fingolimod (n=2) dimethylefumarate (n=2) and ocrelizumab (n=1) while 4 cases were started on natalizumab therapy due to treatment failure with IFNβ, with a more-severe and aggressive course of disease. Thirty-two (16.8%) patients were not receiving any treatment due to an advanced disease stage or patient refusal.

The present study had some limitations. Firstly, since this was a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study, the exact number of relapses and transitions of the disease spectrum from one clinical subtype to another could not be assessed. Secondly, we did not address other paraclinical parameters such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, oligoclonal bands, and evoked potentials, since these parameters have only appeared in new MS criteria.39 In particular, the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF with the first symptom is proposed as an alternative for waiting for another symptom or lesion for the early diagnosis of MS. Lastly, we could not determine the exact duration and any change in the treatment regimen according to a transition of disease spectrum due the cross-sectional nature of our study.

In conclusion, this study has shown that MS presenting in the hospital setting is more common in KSA then reported previously, and that the number of diagnosed cases is increasing. It is therefore an emerging and disabling neurological illness in KSA with clinical characteristics not dissimilar to those in other Middle Eastern countries. A decrease in the frequency of SPMS patients indicates that more new cases of RRMS are being diagnosed or that adequate treatments of RRMS are preventing the evolution to SPMS. Further larger and population-wide epidemiological and clinical studies with the long-term follow-up of MS patients are required to better assess the clinical spectrum of MS in KSA.