Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that specific memory systems (e.g., semantic vs. episodic) may support specific creative thought processes. However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature regarding the strength, direction, and influence of different memory (semantic, episodic, working, and short-term) and creativity (divergent and convergent thinking) types, as well as the influence of external factors (age, stimuli modality) on this purported relationship. In this meta-analysis, we examined 525 correlations from 79 published studies and unpublished datasets, representing data from 12,846 individual participants. We found a small but significant (r = .19) correlation between memory and creative cognition. Among semantic, episodic, working, and short-term memory, all correlations were significant, but semantic memory – particularly verbal fluency, the ability to strategically retrieve information from long-term memory – was found to drive this relationship. Further, working memory capacity was found to be more strongly related to convergent than divergent creative thinking. We also found that within visual creativity, the relationship with visual memory was greater than that of verbal memory, but within verbal creativity, the relationship with verbal memory was greater than that of visual memory. Finally, the memory-creativity correlation was larger for children compared to young adults despite no impact of age on the overall effect size. These results yield three key conclusions: (1) semantic memory supports both verbal and nonverbal creative thinking, (2) working memory supports convergent creative thinking, and (3) the cognitive control of memory is central to performance on creative thinking tasks.
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All data and code are publicly available via the Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://osf.io/kudvy/?view_only=cd19b0a438a4486b8b5a0dab39339e1d.
References
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Acknowledgements
N.A.D. is supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation [2000047 BSC]. R.E.B. is also supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation [DRL-1920653]. We would also like to thank Rebecca Henry for help with text screening and data entry.
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We synthesize over 50 years of research on creativity and memory to clarify their relationship. Our findings indicate creativity is positively related to memory, with semantic memory supporting both verbal and visuospatial creativity. People’s ability to think creatively is therefore reliably related to their ability to selectively retrieve information from long-term memory. Our findings have implications for education and interventions aimed at fostering creative thinking.
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Gerver, C.R., Griffin, J.W., Dennis, N.A. et al. Memory and creativity: A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between memory systems and creative cognition. Psychon Bull Rev 30, 2116–2154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02303-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02303-4