A Review and Database of Snake Venom Proteomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
- Dominant protein families (four families): PLA2, SVMP, SVSP and 3FTx.
- Secondary protein families (six families that were commonly present, but in much smaller amounts than the dominant families): KUN, CRiSP, LAAO, CTL, DIS, and NP.
- Minor protein families (nine families): acetylcholinesterase, hyaluronidase, 5′ nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase, phospholipase B, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, vespryn/ohanin and snake venom metalloprotease inhibitor.
- Rare protein families: 36 families listed in Table S3.
- Unique protein families (four families): defensins, waglerin, maticotoxin and cystatins. These families make up to 38% of the whole venom of a single species, but are classified separately as each is present in only one genus.
3.1. Dominant Protein Families
3.2. Secondary Protein Families
3.3. Major Inter-Family Differences
3.3.1. Elapids
3.3.2. Vipers
3.4. Medical Implications
3.5. Evolutionary Biology
4. Methods
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SPECIES | PLA2 | SVSP | SVMP | LAAO | 3FT | KUN | CRiSP | NP | %WV | 3FT + PLA2 | REF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austrelaps labialis | 33 | 3 | 45 | 9 | 8 | 98 | 78 | [3] | |||
Drysdalia coronoides | 86.4 | 9.2 | 2.8 | 98.4 | 86.4 | [4] | |||||
Micropechis ikaheka | 80 | <0.1 | 7.6 | 0.4 | 9.2 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 99.8 | 89.2 | [5] | |
Notechis scutatus | 74.5 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 6.9 | 0.3 | 2 | 93.2 | 80.1 | [6] | ||
Oxyuranus scutellatus | 68–80 | <5 | 5–9 | 0–9 | <10 | <1 | 1 | >90 | 68–89 | [7] | |
Pseudechis papuanus | 90.2 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 100 | 93.3 | [8] | |||
Toxicocalamus longissimus | 6.5 | 1.4 | 92.1 | 100 | 98.6 | [9] | |||||
Aipysurus laevis | 71.2 | 25.3 | 2.5 | 99 | 96.5 | [10] | |||||
Hydrophis cyanocinctus | 18.9 | 81.1 | 100 | 100 | [9] | ||||||
H. platurus | 32.9 | 0.9 | 49.9 | 9.1 | 92.8 | 82.8 | [11] | ||||
H. schistosus | 27.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 70.5 | 1.3 | 100 | 98 | [12] | |||
Laticauda colubrina | 33.3 | 66.1 | 0.05 | 99.45 | 99.4 | [13] | |||||
Bungarus caeruleus (Sri Lanka) | 64.5 | 1.3 | 19 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 94.7 | 83.5 | [14] | |||
B. candidus Malaya | 25.2 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 30.1 | 12.6 | 3.9 | 1 | 86.4 | 55.6 | [15] |
B. fasciatus Vietnam | 66.8 | 3.5 | 7 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 80.8 | 68.1 | [16] | ||
B.fasciatus Malaya | 44.2 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 17.4 | 9.3 | 1.2 | 88.4 | 61.6 | [15] | |
Dendroaspis angusticeps | 6.7 | 69.2 | 16.3 | 2 | 94.2 | 69.2 | [17] | ||||
D. polylepis | 3.2 | 31 | 61.1 | 2.9 | 95.3 | 31 | [18] | ||||
Naja haje | 4 | 9 | 1 | 60 | 1.9 | 10 | 85.9 | 64 | [19] | ||
N. melanoleuca | 12.9 | 9.7 | 57.1 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 91.1 | 70 | [20] | |||
N. katiensis | 29 | 3.3 | 67.1 | 0.2 | 99.6 | 96.1 | [21] | ||||
N. mossambica | 27.1 | 2.6 | 69.3 | 99 | 96.4 | [21] | |||||
N. nigricollis | 21.9 | 2.4 | 73.2 | 0.2 | 97.7 | 95.1 | [21] | ||||
N. nubiae | 26.4 | 2.6 | 70.9 | 99.9 | 97.3 | [21] | |||||
N. pallida | 30.1 | 1.6 | 67.7 | 99.4 | 97.8 | [21] | |||||
N. atra China | 12.2 | 1.6 | 84.3 | 1.8 | 99.9 | 96.5 | [22] | ||||
Naja atra Taiwan | 14–17 | 2–2.6 | 0.2 | 76–80 | 2.2–2.4 | >93 | 90–97 | [23] | |||
N. kaouthia China | 26.9 | 1.1 | 56.6 | 5.4 | 90 | 83.5 | [24] | ||||
Naja kaouthia Malaya | 23.5 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 63.7 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 96.4 | 87.2 | [25] | ||
Naja kaouthia Thailand | 12.2 | 2.6 | 1 | 78.3 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 96.4 | 90.5 | [25] | ||
Naja kaouthia Vietnam | 17.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 76.4 | 0.8 | 96.7 | 93.8 | [25] | |||
N. naja Eastern India | 11.4 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.8 | 63.8 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 2 | 79.8 | 75.2 | [26] |
Naja naja North-west India | 21.4 | 0.9 | 74 | 2.5 | 98.8 | 95.4 | [27] | ||||
Naja naja Sri Lanka | 14 | 0.9 | 80.5 | 3.7 | 99.1 | 94.5 | [27] | ||||
N. sputatrix | 31.2 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 64.2 | 0.2 | 97 | 95.4 | [28] | ||
Ophiophagus hannah | 2.8 | 11.9 | 0.5 | 64.5 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 89.5 | 67.3 | [29] | |
Micrurus alleni | 10.9 | 1.2 | 3 | 77.3 | 92.4 | 88.2 | [30] | ||||
M. altirostris | 13.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 79.5 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 97.5 | 93.2 | [31] | ||
M. clarki | 36.5 | 1 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 48.2 | 0.9 | 92 | 84.7 | [32] | ||
M. corallinus | 11.9 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 81.7 | 99.6 | 93.6 | [31] | |||
M. dumerelii | 52 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 28.1 | 9 | 95.9 | 80.1 | [33] | ||
M. fulvius | 64.9 | 2.9 | 25.1 | 2.2 | 95.1 | 90 | [34] | ||||
M. mipartitus | 29 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 4 | 61.1 | 1.9 | 98.9 | 90.1 | [35] | ||
M. mosquitensis | 55.6 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 22.5 | 9.8 | 93.8 | 78.1 | [30] | ||
M. multifasciatus | 8.2 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 83 | 1.9 | 99.9 | 91.2 | [35] | |||
M. nigrocinctus | 48 | 0.7 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 38 | 93.3 | 86 | [36] | |||
M. tschudii | 4.1 | 0.7 | 95.2 | 1.6 | 100 | 99.3 | [37] |
SPECIES | PLA2 | SVSP | SVMP | LAAO | CRiSP | CTL/SNACLEC | DIS | NP | KUN | VEGF | CYS | %WV | REF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bitis arietans | 4.3 | 19.5 | 38.5 | 13.2 | 17.8 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 99.2 | [38] | ||||
B.caudalis | 59.8 | 15.1 | 11.5 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 4.9 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 99.7 | [38] | |||
B.gabonica | 11.4 | 26.4 | 22.9 | 1.3 | 2 | 14.3 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 3 | 1 | 9.8 | 98.3 | [38] |
B.nasicornis | 20.1 | 21.9 | 40.9 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 99.3 | [38] | |||
B.rhinoceros | 4.8 | 23.9 | 30.8 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 14.1 | 8.5 | 0.3 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 98.6 | [38] | |
Cerastes cerastes (Morocco) | 19.1 | 6.9 | 63.1 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 8.5 | 100 | [39] | |||||
C. cerastes (Tunisia) | 16.6 | 13.2 | 55.9 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 100 | [39] | |||||
Daboia russelii (Pakistan) | 32.8 | 3.2 | 21.8 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 6.4 | 0.4 | 28.4 | 1.5 | 97.7 | [40] | ||
D. russelii (West India) | 32.5 | 8 | 24.8 | 0.3 | 6.8 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 12.5 | 1.8 | 93.4 | [41] | ||
D. russelii (Sri Lanka) | 35 | 16 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 2 | 22.4 | 4.6 | 92.1 | [42] | ||||
Echis carinatus sochureki | 7.97 | 4.58 | 56.57 | 1.19 | 1.99 | 16.53 | 7.7 | 0.4 | 97 | [43] | |||
E. coloratus | 5.7 | 3.58 | 61.41 | 3.91 | 5.69 | 9.45 | 5.8 | 0.32 | 96 | [43] | |||
E. ocellatus | 8.5 | 1.71 | 72.43 | 1.36 | 0.34 | 6.46 | 2.72 | 93.5 | [43] | ||||
E. pyramidium leakeyi | 21.57 | 1.42 | 48.94 | 2.83 | 24.26 | 0.28 | 99.3 | [43] | |||||
Macrovipera lebetina (Tunisia) | 5 | 5.5 | 63.1 | 3.2 | 15.1 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 98.3 | [44] | ||||
M. l. obtusa | 14.6 | 14.9 | 32.1 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 14.8 | 11.3 | 5.3 | 97.3 | [45] | |||
M. mauritanica | 5.5 | 8.3 | 45.4 | 8.1 | 13.8 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 93 | [44] | |||
Vipera anatolica | 8.1 | 1.6 | 41.5 | 15.9 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.3 | 70.5 * | [46] | ||||
V. berus | 10 | 31 | 19 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 84 * | [47] | |||
V. kaznakovi | 41 | 11 | 16 | 4 | 10 | 12 | 0.53 | 4 | 94.5 | [48] | |||
V. nikolskii | 65 | 19 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.66 | 4 | 8 | 97.4 | [48] | ||||
V. orlovi | 24 | 24 | 15 | 5 | 12 | 11 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 4 | 91.7 | [48] | ||
V. raddei | 23.8 | 8.4 | 31.6 | 0.2 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 6 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 100 | [45] | |
V. renardii | 44 | 8 | 12 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 0.8 | 3 | 95.8 | [48] |
SPECIES | PLA2 | SVSP | SVMP | LAAO | CRiSP | CTL/SNACLEC | DIS | NP | DEF | MPi | %WV | REF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calloselasma rhodostoma | 4.4 | 14.9 | 41.2 | 7 | 2.5 | 26.3 | 96.3 | [50] | ||||
Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus | 8 | 12 | 35 | 10 | 6 | 19 | 2 | 92 | [51] | |||
Gloydius brevicaudus | 25 | 3.7 | 64.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 99.9 | [52] | |||
G. intermedius | 9.9 | 36.2 | 2.6 | 13.1 | 6.2 | 0.8 | 25.3 | 94.1 | [53] | |||
Ovophis okinavensis | 0.65 | 93.1 | 4.2 | 0.62 | 0.47 | 99 | [54] | |||||
Protobothrops elegans | 77.1 | 10.4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 96.3 | [55] | ||||
Protobothrops flavoviridis | 55.5 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 3.1 | 2 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 93.2 | [56] | |||
P.mucrosquamatus | 22.5 | 10.4 | 43 | 2 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 87 | [57] | ||
Viridovipera stejnegeri | 24.5 | 11 | 43.1 | 3.3 | 6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 92.8 | [57] | ||
Agkistrodon bilineatus (3 subsp) | 34.3–42 | 7.6–16.9 | 24.5–30.8 | 2.6–4.9 | 0–5.6 | 0.4–1.4 | 2.2–3.1 | 4.6–8.7 | 76.7+ | [58] | ||
A. c. contortrix | 50.7 | 5.85 | 25 | 4 | 2 | 0.8 | 88.35 | [59] | ||||
A. piscivorus (3 subsp) | 33.6–46 | 10.1–13.9 | 21–33.1 | 0.8–4.5 | 2–3.5 | 0.8–3.2 | 2.2–4.9 | 5.7–5.9 | 76.2 | [58] | ||
Atropoides nummifer | 36.5 | 22 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 8.6 | 100 | [60] | ||
A. picadoi | 9.5 | 13.5 | 66.4 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 1.8 | <0.1 | 1.8 | 100 | [60] | ||
Bothriechis aurifer | 7.3 | 35.1 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 16.4 | 1.4 | 13.4 | 3.2 | 97 | [61] | ||
B. bicolor | 35.2 | 19.1 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 1 | 4.4 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 94.8 | [61] | |
B. marchi | 14.3 | 10.1 | 34.2 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 83.8 | [61] | |
B. lateralis | 8.7 | 11.3 | 55.1 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 11.1 | 98.8 | [61] | ||||
B. nigroviridis | 38.3 | 18.4 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 37 | 96.3 | [62] | |||||
B. schlegelii | 43.8 | 5.8 | 17.7 | 8.9 | 2.1 | 13.4 | 91.7 | [61] | ||||
B. supraciliaris | 13.4 | 15.2 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 21.9 | 69.1 | [63] | |||
B. thalassinus | 12.1 | 39.6 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 11.5 | 2 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 95.1 | [61] | ||
Bothrocophias campbelli | 43.1 | 21.3 | 15.8 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 97.4 | [64] | ||
B. colombiensis | 44.3 | <1 | 42.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 99.5 | [65] | |||
Bothropoides diporus | 24.1 | 7.2 | 34.2 | 7.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 15.9 | 2.6 | 95.7 | [66] | ||
B. erythromelaus (5 populations) | 10.1–15.1 | 4–9.7 | 32.5–59.9 | 0.4 | 8.4–21.6 | 3.4–8.9 | 9.3–14.5 | 68+ | [67] | |||
B. insularis | 10 | 12.5 | 30 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 31.3 | 11.3 | 97.7 | [68] | |||
B. jaracara (south-east) | 3.7 | 13.7 | 35.6 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 9.6 | 7 | 16.4 | 95.6 | [69] | ||
B. jaracara (south) | 20.2 | 28.6 | 10.3 | 8 | 2.6 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 22.6 | 100 | [69] | ||
B. neuwiedi | 8.4 | 8.8 | 49.9 | 16.7 | 2 | 8.6 | 94.4 | [70] | ||||
B. pauloensis | 31.9 | 10.5 | 38.1 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 12.4 | 99.8 | [71] | ||
Bothrops asper (Caribbean coast) | 28.8 | 18.2 | 41 | 9.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 99.9 | [72] | |||
B. asper (Pacific coast) | 45.5 | 4.4 | 44 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 100 | [72] | |||
B. atrox (Western Para Brazil) | 5.7–7.5 | 9.7–14.1 | 46.5–54 | 8.7–9.4 | 3.7–4.3 | 10.2–13.1 | 84.5+ | [73] | ||||
B. atrox (Colombia) | 24.1 | 10.9 | 48.5 | 4.7 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 99.9 | [74] | ||
B. atrox (Venezuela) | 7.7–8.5 | 2.3 | 85 | 1.2–1.5 | 2.8–3.8 | 99+ | [75] | |||||
B. atrox (Peru) | 11 | 11.1 | 58.2 | 10.5 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 100 | [76] | |||
B. ayerbi | 0.7 | 9.3 | 53.7 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 10.1 | 2.3 | 8.3 | 88.8 | [77] | ||
B. barnetti | 6.4 | 6.7 | 74.1 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 5.5 | 99.9 | [76] | |||
B. caribbaeus | 12.8 | 4.7 | 68.6 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 98.8 | [78] | ||||
B. jararacussu | 25.7 | 12.3 | 26.2 | 15 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 91.1 | [70] | ||||
B. lanceolatus | 8.6 | 14.4 | 74.2 | 2.8 | <0.1 | 100 | [78] | |||||
B. pictus | 14.1 | 7.7 | 68 | 1.1 | 8.9 | 99.8 | [76] | |||||
B. pirajai | 40.2 | 7.1 | 20.7 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 89.4 | [79] | |||
B. punctatus | 9.3 | 5.4 | 41.5 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 16.7 | 3.8 | 10.7 | 91.7 | [80] | ||
Cerrophidion godmani | 23.4 | 19.1 | 32.8 | 5 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 98.2 | [81] | ||
C. sasai | 23.4 | 19.1 | 32.8 | 5 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 98.2 | [82] | ||
Crotalus adamanteus | 7.8 | 20 | 24.4 | 5.3 | 1.3 | 22.2 | 16.8 | 97.8 | [83] | |||
C. atrox | 7.3 | 19.8 | 49.7 | 8 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 3 | 100 | [84] | ||
C. basiliscus | 14 | 11 | 68 | 2 | 4 | 99 | [85] | |||||
C. culminatus | 8.3 | 10.1 | 35.5 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 13 | 1.6 | 24.4 | 97.5 | [86] | ||
C. durissus cascavella | 90.9 | 1.2 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.9 | <0.1 | 0.2 | 93.4 | [87] | |||
C. d. collilineatus | 72 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | <0.1 | 0.5 | 20.8 | 98 | [88] | ||
C. d. terrificus | 48.5 | 25.3 | 3.9 | 77.7 | [89] | |||||||
C. horridus | 22.8 | 58.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 82.3 | [90] | |||
C. simus simus | 22.4 | 30.4 | 27.4 | 5.7 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 95.5 | [91] | ||
C. tigris | 26.8 | 66.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 95.1 | [92] | ||||||
C. tzabacan | 11.1 | 5.4 | 18.5 | 0.5 | 35.2 | 4.2 | 23.5 | 98.4 | [86] | |||
C. viridis | 7.7–10.2 | 26.8 | 10.9–11.4 | 1.9–2.5 | 2.1–3.9 | 1.8–3.3 | 0.1 | 6.5–8.2 | 35.6–38 | 0.1 | 93.5+ | [93] |
Sistrurus catenatus (3 subsp.) | 31.3-31.9 | 18.2-24.4 | 40.6-48.6 | 1.6-4.2 | 0.8-10.7 | 0.9-4.2 | 93.4+ | [94] | ||||
S. miliarius | 32.5 | 17.1 | 36.1 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 98.4 | [94] | ||||
Lachesis acrochorda | 2.3 | 35.1 | 23.2 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 21.5 | 99.5 | [95] | |||
L. melanocephala | 13.4 | 21 | 18.9 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 30.2 | 94.6 | [94] | ||||
L. muta muta | 8.7 | 31.2 | 31.9 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 7.9 | 14.7 | 98.9 | [94] | |||
L. m. rhombeata | 10.8 | 26.5 | 29.5 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 28 | 99.4 | [96] | |||
L. stenophrys | 14.1 | 21.2 | 30.6 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 27.1 | 99.3 | [94] | ||||
Porthidium lansbergii | 16.2 | 4.5 | 35.5 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 6.7 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 93.2 | [97] | ||
P. nasutum | 11.6 | 9.6 | 52.1 | 3 | 1.3 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 1.9 | 99.8 | [81] | ||
P. ophryomegus | 13.5 | 7.3 | 45 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 8 | 16.7 | 4.2 | 98.6 | [97] | ||
Rhinocerophis alternatus | 2 | 5.8 | 52.2 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 14.8 | 92.2 | [70] | ||||
R. cotiara | 0.6 | 13 | 51 | 19.6 | 2.9 | 4.7 | 91.8 | [70] | ||||
R. fonescai | 30.1 | 4.1 | 42.5 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 95.2 | [98] |
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Tasoulis, T.; Isbister, G.K. A Review and Database of Snake Venom Proteomes. Toxins 2017, 9, 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090290
Tasoulis T, Isbister GK. A Review and Database of Snake Venom Proteomes. Toxins. 2017; 9(9):290. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090290
Chicago/Turabian StyleTasoulis, Theo, and Geoffrey K. Isbister. 2017. "A Review and Database of Snake Venom Proteomes" Toxins 9, no. 9: 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090290