Development of Ecological Strategies for the Recovery of the Main Nitrogen Agricultural Pollutants: A Review on Environmental Sustainability in Agroecosystems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Environmental Pollution by Agricultural Practices
3. Green and Sustainable Strategies for Remediation of Nitrate Contaminated Groundwater
3.1. Biochar
3.2. Green Synthesis of Engineered Nanoparticles
3.3. Permeable Reactive Barriers
4. Sustainable and Green Remediation Strategies in Europe: Research Studies and Field-Scale Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Probable Effect of N Deficiency | Probable Effect of N Excess |
---|---|
Photosynthetic rate reductions and Rubisco content decreases with a low leaf-N content | Slow plant development |
Poor growth of the plants, with reduced dimensions both at the root level (shallow and ramified roots) and at the level of the aerial part (small leaves and thin stems) | Long biological cycle |
Flowering reduction | Increase in water consumption |
Fruit helmet | Reduction of the resistance of the fruits, favoring the breaking and the phenomena of lodging (for example, in the autumn-vernini cereals) |
Reduction of the length of the biological cycle and early ripening | Reduction of resistance to climate change |
Reduction of resistance to parasites |
Biochar Source | Experiment Type | Treatment Type | Treatment Duration | Soil Depth | NO3− Leaching | Advantages | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice husk and populous wood biochar | Soil column experiment | Biochar + urea + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | 10 weeks | Entire depth of the soil column | 63–78% | Biochar and mycorrhizal fungi decreased nitrate leaching | [57] |
Wheat straw | Greenhouse study | Biochar + mineral fertilizer | 9 weeks | Entire depth of the soil column | 34–70% | The amount of biochar applied to soil determined a different response in terms of leached nitrate | [64] |
Balsam fir + white and black spruces | Greenhouse study | Biochar + certified organic amendments | 3 years | Half of the experimental units | 30–50% | Biochar in several organic soils reduced the nitrogen leaching | [62] |
Corn stalks | Soil column experiment | Biochar | 1 year | Upper half of the columns | 23–27% | Soil use and management can influence biochar action in mitigating nitrate leaching | [60] |
Canola straws | Field experiment | Biochar + urea | 4 months | Topsoil | 23–32% | Biochar positively influenced the reduction of nitrate leaching in rice fields. | [65] |
Feedstock of mixed hard and soft virgin wood | Cranberry farm | Biochar + compost | 10 weeks | Entire depth of the soil column | 22–92% | Increased biochar application decreased ammonium, and nitrate leaching. | [66] |
Corncob biochar | Local landscaping | Biochar + manure or ammonium chloride or sodium nitrate | 10 weeks | Entire depth of the soil column | 19–25% | Treatment with biochar and sodium nitrate reduced nitrogen losses more | [67] |
Apple branches | Field experiment | Biochar + urea | 2 years | Topsoil | 13–74% | Biochar and mineral nitrogen fertilizers under the right dosage conditions reduced the loss of nitrates. | [68] |
Apple branches | Soil column experiment | Biochar + ammonium nitrate | 6–20 h | Surface layer of soil; underlying soil; the plow layer of soil | 8.3–17% | The biochar applied in the undersoils of orchards or during deep processing of fields is advantageous for agricultural and environmental purposes | [61] |
Ranches of oriental plane tree (Platanus orientalis) and dead pig | Field experiment | Biochar + ammonium nitrate | 20 weeks | Entire depth of the soil column | 10–42% | Platanus orientalis branch biochar could be used to improve N fertilizer use efficiency by reducing N leaching loss from soils | [69] |
Winter-pruned apple branches | Field experiment | Biochar + N fertilizer | 48 h | Entire depth of the soil column | 10–69% | Biochar and nitrogenous fertilizers in low dose were a valid strategy to reduce nitrate leaching and promote the absorption of nitrogenous elements in the plant | [70] |
Spruce chips | Abandoned field and cultivated field | Biochar | 19 weeks and 31 weeks | Entire depth of the soil column | 5–31% | Biochar retained nitrate and total nitrogen in both soils. | [71] |
Pinewood | Field experiment | Biochar + inorganic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) or biosolids (aerobically digested Class B biosolids) | 3 years | Topsoil | 60% | Soils treated with biochar and inorganic fertilizers reduce nitrate loss | [72] |
Runks and branches of Prosopis juliflora | Field experiment | Biochar + clay + urea | 16 months | Topsoil | 46% | Biochar reduced the nitrate leaching in longer experimentation time | [55] |
Corncob biochar | Vegetated filter strip plots | Biochar | 1 year | Entire depth of the soil column | 40% | The biochar in the surface improved nitrogen retention | [73] |
Pinus monticola wood | Field experiment | Biochar + vermicompost | 2 months | Entire depth of the soil column | 37% | Biochar and vermicompost reduced the leaching of nitrogen compounds | [74] |
Melaleuca cajuputi waste | Forest | Biochar + urea | 5 months | 29% | The use of biochar of 2% and 4% in clay soils reduce nitrogen losses by 29.19% and 28.65% respectively | [75] | |
Holm oak biochar | Greenhouse study | Biochar + NPK fertilizer | 3 months | Entire depth of the soil column | 26% | Biochar reduced the nitrate leaching to soil specific depths | [76] |
Urban green waste | Field experiment | Biochar + urea | 50 days | Topsoil | 24% | Agro-waste biochar and urea reduced the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers | [61] |
Bagasse | Farm | Biochar + urea | 1 year | Entire depth of the soil column | 17% | Biochar application and sprinkler irrigation decreased nitrate concentration. | [63] |
Pinus pinaster and P. radiata wood chips | Lysimeter system | Biochar + pig slurry | 8 months | Topsoil | Significant decreased | Freshly added biochar has a higher adsorbent capacity than the biochar naturally aged | [77] |
Rice husk biochar | Greenhouse study | Biochar | 10 months | Entire depth of the soil column | Reduced | Rice husk biochar decreased nitrate leaching principally in clay soil than loamy sand | [59] |
Rice husk charcoal | Field experiment | Biochar + green mulch | 28 days | Soil cores | Reduced | Biochar and mulching improved the reduction of nitrate loss. | [78] |
Rice husk | Field experiment | Biochar + urea | 4 months | Topsoil | Reduced | Biochar and N fertilization improved rice productivity and reduced nitrate leaching | [56] |
Fir woodchips | Field experiment | Biochar | 1 year | Topsoil | Reduced | High temperature biochars reduce nitrate leaching | [79] |
Spruce biochar | Boreal grass field | Biochar + cattle slurry | 3 years | Topsoil | Decreased | The biochar retained the nitrate produced by the use of fertilizers in the soil | [71] |
Rice husk and rice straw | Field experiment | Biochar + urea | 5 months | Topsoil | Any influence | Soil treatment with biochar reduced leaching of ammonium nitrogen | [58] |
Aspen sawdust | Soil column experiment | Biochar + urea | 4 months | Topsoil | Any influence | Sawdust biochar reduced the NH4+ concentration in a rice paddy | [80] |
Substrate Type | Nitrate Removal % | References |
---|---|---|
Corncob | 86–100 | [101] |
Fly ash and rice husk | 95 | [100] |
Woodchip | 40 | [102] |
Tea factory waste and hazelnut husk | 40–100 | [103] |
Alternative latrine and waste materials | 13–57 | [104] |
Mixture of gravel and mulching | 97 | [105] |
Wood shavings or biochar | 33–37 | [106] |
Mixture of Fe, activated carbon and coarse sand | 92 | [107] |
Granular cast ZVI | 15–20 | [108] |
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and ceramsite | 95 | [109] |
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Losacco, D.; Ancona, V.; De Paola, D.; Tumolo, M.; Massarelli, C.; Gatto, A.; Uricchio, V.F. Development of Ecological Strategies for the Recovery of the Main Nitrogen Agricultural Pollutants: A Review on Environmental Sustainability in Agroecosystems. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7163. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137163
Losacco D, Ancona V, De Paola D, Tumolo M, Massarelli C, Gatto A, Uricchio VF. Development of Ecological Strategies for the Recovery of the Main Nitrogen Agricultural Pollutants: A Review on Environmental Sustainability in Agroecosystems. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7163. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137163
Chicago/Turabian StyleLosacco, Daniela, Valeria Ancona, Domenico De Paola, Marina Tumolo, Carmine Massarelli, Angela Gatto, and Vito Felice Uricchio. 2021. "Development of Ecological Strategies for the Recovery of the Main Nitrogen Agricultural Pollutants: A Review on Environmental Sustainability in Agroecosystems" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7163. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137163