Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Waste Behavior in Denmark and Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Food-Related Behaviors and Self-Reported Food Waste
2.2.2. Socio-Demographics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Modeling Food Waste Behavior
2.3.2. Regression Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Food-Related Behaviors and Self-Reported Food Waste of Respondents
3.2. Prediction Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Denmark | Spain |
---|---|---|
Age (years), mean | 50.1 | 37.0 |
Sex | ||
Female | 48.4% | 48.8% |
Male | 51.6% | 51.2% |
Education 1 | ||
Low | 24.1 % | 11.3% |
Middle | 40.8 % | 34.4% |
High | 35.1 % | 54.3% |
Employment status 2 | ||
Full time | 42.0% | 53.1% |
Part time | 11.1% | 14.8% |
Unemployed | 13.6 % | 32.2% |
Retired | 33.2 % | Not asked |
Marital status 3 | ||
Married/living with partner | 59.5% | 60.3% |
Single | 40.5% | 39.7% |
Household size (number of persons) | ||
1 | 29.1% | 7.9% |
2 | 43.8% | 23.5% |
3 | 11.4% | 30.3% |
4 | 10.5% | 27.9% |
5+ | 5.1% | 10.3% |
Latent Variables (LV) | Indicators (Q) |
---|---|
LV1: Planning routines | Qp1. The shopping trips are usually planned in advance (shopping lists are made, inventories are checked, etc.). 1 |
Qp2.The home meals are usually planned a couple of days ahead. 1 | |
LV2: Shopping routines | Qs1. In general, I buy too much food when shopping (e.g. more than I end up using). |
Qs2. I often buy unintended food products when shopping. | |
Qs3. I often buy food in packages that are too big for my needs. | |
Qs4. I usually buy higher amounts of food when they offer good value for money. | |
LV3: Leftover management | Ql1. I always throw out products that are beyond the best-before date. |
Ql2. I always reuse leftovers. 1 | |
LV4: Self-reported food waste | How much… would you say that you throw away, of what you buy and/or grow, in a regular week? |
Qfw1. Food | |
Qfw2. Milk and other dairy products | |
Qfw3. Fresh fruits and vegetables | |
Qfw4. Meat and fish | |
Qfw5. Bread and other bakery products | |
LV5: Food waste behavior (FWB) | LV1. Planning routines |
LV2. Shopping routines | |
LV3. Food leftover management | |
LV4. Self-reported food waste | |
Qc1. Food preparation: Too much food is often cooked/prepared for a meal. |
Latent Variables (LV) and Indicators (Q) | Factor Loadings; CR; AVE 2 | |
---|---|---|
DK (N = 1518) | SP (N = 1511) | |
LV2: Shopping routines | 0.707; 0.403 | 0.745; 0.430 |
Qs1. In general, I buy too much food when shopping (e.g., more than I end up using). | 0.847 | 0.792 |
Qs2. I often buy unintended food products when shopping. | 0.639 | 0.637 |
Qs3. I often buy food in packages that are too big for my needs. | 0.682 | 0.687 |
Qs4. I usually buy higher amounts of food when they offer good value for money. | 0.251 | 0.469 |
LV4: Self-reported food waste | 0.851; 0.534 | 0.918; 0.692 |
How much… would you say that you throw away, of what you buy and/or grow, in a regular week? | ||
Qfw1. Food | 0.746 | 0.844 |
Qfw2. Milk and dairy products | 0.715 | 0.862 |
Qfw3. Fresh fruits and vegetables | 0.738 | 0.844 |
Qfw4. Meat and fish | 0.741 | 0.882 |
Qfw5. Bread and other bakery products | 0.720 | 0.739 |
LV5. Food waste behavior | 0.737; 0.486 | 0.724; 0.477 |
LV2. Shopping routines | 0.796 | 0.847 |
LV4. Self-reported food waste | 0.683 | 0.505 |
Qc1. Food preparation: Too much food is often cooked/prepared for a meal. | 0.598 | 0.677 |
Characteristic | Denmark (N = 1518) | Spain (N = 1511) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full Model | Final Model | Full Model | Final Model | |||||
β 1 | (95% CI) 2 | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
Age (years) | −0.014 *** | (−0.020, −0.008) | −0.014 *** | (−0.020, −0.008) | −0.015 *** | (−0.019, −0.011) | −0.016 *** | (−0.019, −0.012) |
Sex | ||||||||
Female (ref) | ||||||||
Male | 0.151 ** | (0.012, 0.289) | 0.160 ** | (0.022, 0.297) | 0.013 | (−0.069, 0.095) | − | − |
Education | ||||||||
Low (ref) | ||||||||
Middle | −0.104 | (−0.279, 0.071) | − | − | 0.012 | (−0.124, 0.148) | − | − |
High | −0.049 | (−0.230, 0.132) | − | − | −0.055 | (−0.188, 0.077) | − | − |
Employment status | ||||||||
Full-time (ref) | ||||||||
Part-time | −0.206 * | (−0.440, 0.027) | −0.207 * | (−0.439, 0.025) | −0.096 | (−0.215, 0.024) | −0.077 | (−0.195, 0.041) |
Not employed | −0.284 ** | (−0.507, −0.060) | −0.278 ** | (−0.497, −0.059) | −0.264 *** | (−0.360, −0.167) | −0.237 *** | (−0.328, −0.145) |
Retired 3 | −0.219 ** | (−0.409, −0.029) | −0.214 ** | (−0.401, −0.027) | NA | NA | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Married/living with partner (ref) | ||||||||
Single | −0.016 | (−0.236, 0.205) | − | − | 0.022 | (−0.072, 0.117) | − | − |
Household size (number of persons) | ||||||||
1 (ref) | ||||||||
2 | 0.023 | (−0.220, 0.226) | 0.040 | (−0.121, 0.201) | −0.057 | (−0.232, 0.117) | ||
3 | 0.039 | (−0.248, 0.325) | 0.050 | (−0.191, 0.290) | 0.020 | (−0.148, 0.187) | ||
4 | 0.243 | (−0.068, 0.554) | 0.254 ** | (0.005, 0.503) | 0.111 | (−0.059, 0.280) | ||
5+ | −0.159 | (−0.552, 0.203) | −0.147 | (−0.474, 0.181) | 0.151 | (−0.044, 0.347) | − | − |
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Grasso, A.C.; Olthof, M.R.; Boevé, A.J.; van Dooren, C.; Lähteenmäki, L.; Brouwer, I.A. Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Waste Behavior in Denmark and Spain. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123244
Grasso AC, Olthof MR, Boevé AJ, van Dooren C, Lähteenmäki L, Brouwer IA. Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Waste Behavior in Denmark and Spain. Sustainability. 2019; 11(12):3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123244
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrasso, Alessandra C., Margreet R. Olthof, Anja J. Boevé, Corné van Dooren, Liisa Lähteenmäki, and Ingeborg A. Brouwer. 2019. "Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Waste Behavior in Denmark and Spain" Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123244