Next Article in Journal
Manifestation of the Purcell Effect in Current Transport through a Dot–Cavity–QED System
Previous Article in Journal
Selected Papers from the 1st International Online Conference on Nanomaterials
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Nanomaterials
Volume 9
Issue 7
10.3390/nano9071022
nanomaterials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Facile Synthesis of Well-Dispersed Ni2P on N-Doped Nanomesh Carbon Matrix as a High-Efficiency Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by
Fan Yang
†,
Shuo Huang
†,
Bing Zhang
,
Liqiang Hou
,
Yi Ding
,
Weijie Bao
,
Chunming Xu
,
Wang Yang
and
Yongfeng Li
*
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071022
Submission received: 3 July 2019 / Revised: 15 July 2019 / Accepted: 15 July 2019 / Published: 17 July 2019
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The development of non-noble metal hydrogen evolution catalysts that can replace Pt is crucial for efficient hydrogen production. Herein, we develop a type of well-dispersed Ni2P on N-doped nanomesh carbon (NC) electrocatalyst by a facile pyrolysis method, which shows excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic performance. It is rather remarkable that the overpotential of Ni2P/NC prepared under optimal proportion is 108 mV at 10 mA·cm−2 current density in 1 M KOH solution with the tafel slope of 67.3 mV·dec−1, the catalytic activity has no significant attenuation after 1000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV)method. The hydrogen evolution performance of the electrocatalytic is better than most similar catalysts in alkaline media. The unique mesh structure of the carbon component in the catalyst facilitates the exposure of the active site and reduces the impedance, which improves the efficiency of electron transport as well as ensuring the stability of the hydrogen evolution reaction. In addition, we prove that nitrogen doping and pore structure are also important factors affecting catalytic activity by control experiments. Our results show that N-doped nanomesh carbon, as an efficient support, combined with Ni2P nanoparticles is of great significance for the development of efficient hydrogen evolution electrodes.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

For the past several years, great changes have taken place in the environment due to the burning of fossil fuels. As alternatives to fossil fuels, many new environment-friendly energy sources have been developed, such as water energy, wind energy, hydrogen energy, and so on [1]. Hydrogen energy, as a kind of energy with high energy density and no pollution, has attracted extensive attention [2,3,4]. It mainly comes from the following sources: coal gasification, natural gas reformation, organisms and electrolysis of water. Among them, hydrogen production by water electrolysis has the advantages of abundant raw materials, high purity and no emissions of polluting gas. Moreover, electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen is regarded as an effective way to solve the current environmental pollution and energy crises [5,6]. Electrolysis of water without catalyst needs to overcome a large energy barrier. In order to reduce the energy consumption in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process and accelerate the rate of HER, platinum and other noble metal catalysts with low overpotential and Tafel slope have been developed [7,8,9]. However, the scarcity and high cost of precious metal based catalysts limit their commercial use. Therefore, the development of high-efficiency non-noble metal catalytic electrodes for hydrogen evolution is of great significance.
Transition metal compounds, such as carbides [10,11], sulfides [12], and phosphides [13,14], are important catalysts for the HER. Among them Ni2P has proton-acceptor and hydride-acceptor, combining the high thermostability of extended surfaces and the high catalytic activity of the hydrogenase. In addition, the P sites provide moderate bonding to the HER intermediates, thus enhancing the rate of the reaction [15].
In recent years, Ni2P with different structures has been widely studied and applied in hydrogen evolution reactions, for example, MOF-derived Ni2P [16], Ni2P nanosheets [17], self-supported Ni2P [18], which have been proven to show high hydrogen evolution catalytic activity. However, there is still a gap between Ni2P and noble metal catalysts. Researchers have made many attempts to improve the catalytic activity of Ni2P. It is widely known that the conductivity and specific surface area of materials are important factors to promote electrocatalytic efficiency. However, some catalysts developed at present have the disadvantages of poor conductivity and high impedance, so improving the conductivity of materials is still a problem to be solved. Consequently, some carbon materials become ideal supports for electrocatalytic reactions due to their high conductivity and specific surface area [3,19,20,21,22]. Moreover, the addition of certain carbon materials can protect the catalytic activity center and improve the catalytic stability [23,24,25,26,27]. Many researchers combine carbon materials with nickel phosphide for hydrogen evolution reactions, and these composites show excellent catalytic properties, stability, and electrical conductivity, such as Ni2P/NRGO (N-doped reduced graphene oxide) [28] and Ni2P/CNS (carbon nanosheets) [29]. It is of great research value to develop a high-efficiency carbon material as a support for HER.
The porous carbon materials that are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using MgO-templated can be used for hydrogenation of nitroarenes [30], aerobic oxidative coupling of amines [31], and lithium-ion batteries [32] with high performance, due to their high specific surface area and abundant active sites. In addition, this type of carbon material can also be used as an efficient support with Pd/PdO nanoparticles attached for methanol oxidation [33]. However, composite materials produced by this method have never been used in catalysis of hydrogen evolution reactions. Herein, the N-doped nanomesh carbon with well-dispersed Ni2P (Ni2P/NC) is developed for the first time by a facile pyrolysis method with cost-effective NiCl2·6H2O and NaH2PO2 [34]. Different N-doped nanomesh carbon (NC) content, as a vital variable, is used to adjust the morphology of the material. Furthermore, we have made intensive studies of linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic-voltammetry, and so on. The appropriate content of this N-doped material as the substrate can significantly reduce the hydrogen evolution overpotential of nickel phosphite and reduce the impedance in the reaction process, which is high-efficiency due to its huge specific surface area, abundant active sites and excellent electrical conductivity.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All reagents were used as received.
Ethanol (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2, 99%, Innochem Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O, 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China), Potassium hydroxide (KOH, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), Light magnesium oxide (MgO, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), 1,10-Phenanthroline (C12H8N2, J&K Scientific, Beijing, China), Nafion solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China), Triphenylmethane, (C19H16, J&K Scientific, Beijing, China), 20 wt % Pt on Vulcan XC-72R (Johnson Matthey Corporation, Beijing, China).

2.2. Synthesis of NC

The MgO template was first synthesized according to a standard method [31]. Then 3 g 1, 10 -phenanthroline was dissolved in 100 mL ethanol and continuously stirred at room temperature and pressure for 30 min. Subsequently, 5 g template MgO was added into the solution and stirred overnight. After the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, the mixture was annealed in Ar atmosphere and kept at 750 °C for 2 h with a 10 °C/min heating rate. Finally, the black powder was washed with 1 M diluted hydrochloric acid and then with deionized water several times until pH = 7.

2.3. Synthesis of Bulk Ni2P

First, 1 mmol NiCl2·6H2O and 1.5 mmol NaH2PO2 were dissolved in 25 mL deionized water, the mixture stirred for 4 h and dried under 90 °C for 12 h. The mixture was annealed in Ar atmosphere and kept at 300 °C for 30 min with a 5 °C/min heating rate. Finally, the powder was washed with deionized water and ethanol several times and dried under 120 °C for 3 h [31,34].

2.4. Synthesis of Ni2P/NC

First, 1 mmol NiCl2·6H2O and 1.5 mmol NaH2PO2 were dissolved in 25 mL deionized water. Then NC in different amounts (20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg) were added, and the mixture was stirred for 4 h. Then the mixture was put in an ultrasonic bath for 60 min and freeze-dried for 18 h. The mixture was annealed in Ar atmosphere and kept at 300 °C for 30 min with a 5 °C/min heating rate. Finally, the powder was washed with deionized water and ethanol several times, and dried under 120 °C for 6 h. We define the names of materials according to the amount of NC added, which are Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60 and Ni2P/NC-80, respectively. For comparison, Ni2P/C-60 and Ni2P/NG-60 catalysts were prepared by using triphenylmethane and NG [35] as carbon sources in the same way.

2.5. Characterizations

The obtained products are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Gemini 300, ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany), transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, Tecnai G2 F20, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) combined with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance, and the data is collected on a Shimadzu XD-3A diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher K-Alpha American with an Al K X-ray source, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and Raman spectroscopy (532 nm laser, Jobin Yvon T6400, Horiba Scientific, Kyoto, Japan).

2.6. Electrochemical Measurements

All electrochemical performance tests are performed in a classical glass cell (100 mL, Shanghai Yueci Electronic Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai, China) using the electrochemical workstation CHI 760E (Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co., LTD, Shanghai, China). The device is composed of a standard three-electrode system: A glassy carbon electrode (diameter D = 3 mm) for the working electrode; a graphite column electrode for the counter electrode; and a Hg/HgO electrode for the reference electrode. The catalyst ink is prepared by dispersing 5 mg of catalyst into 1 mL of the mixed solvent containing water, ethanol, and Nafion solution with a volumetric ratio of 650:300:50. For the preparation of the catalytic electrodes, 5 μL of the catalyst ink is loaded onto a glassy carbon electrode. The GC electrodes are naturally dried at room temperature. All tests are performed in a 1 M KOH (pH = 14) solution. Before the test, we use high purity N2 to remove dissolved oxygen. The temperature of the testing process is 25 °C. The conversion formula of the potential between the reference electrode and the working electrode is RHE = E (Hg/HgO) + 0.098 V + 0.059 pH [36]. All the HER results are IR-corrected.

3. Results and Discussion

The preparation process of Ni2P/NC is shown in Scheme 1. The NC is synthesized by typical MgO-templated chemical deposition (CVD) with phenanthroline as the nitrogen source and the carbon source. Then we add the nickel source and the phosphorus source, and the mixture is annealed in Ar atmosphere. Ni2P/NC is finally obtained after washing and drying.
Firstly, NC is successfully synthesized by magnesium oxide template, its mesh structure is observed by SEM (Figure S1). Ni2P/NC-60 maintains a relatively complete lamellar appearance (Figure 1). It can be seen from Figure 1 that when the appropriate amount of NC is added, the load of Ni2P particles can be placed inside without damaging the original morphology of NC. Figures S1–S5 show the SEM images of a series of products. It is obvious that Ni2P is blocky when NC is not added. With the increase of NC addition, the morphology of the catalyst changed regularly, and the existing state of Ni2P on NC changed accordingly. Meanwhile, we use triphenylmethane and NG obtained by a typical hydrothermal method as the carbon source to prepare Ni2P/C and Ni2P/NG, for which the SEM images are shown in Figure S6a,b. It is obvious that the results showed that Ni2P particles are evenly distributed on the surface of C and NG.
The morphology and structure of Ni2P/NC-60 samples are further observed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), as shown in Figure 2a. It can be seen that the addition of NC can disperse the Ni2P particles evenly, as there is no obvious aggregation of Ni2P particles. It is observed that the spacing between the lattice fringes is 0.22 nm, corresponding to the (111) crystal surface of Ni2P [37]. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping images (Figure 2b–g) further demonstrate that C, N, P and Ni elements are evenly distributed in the entire NC layer.
In order to characterize the crystal structure, X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests are carried out on the materials (Figure 3a). The main diffraction peaks at 40.8°, 44.6°, 47.3°, 54.2° are matching well with the standard card of Ni2P (PDF 03-0953). It has been proven that Ni2P crystals can be successfully synthesized under experimental conditions [38]. In addition, a broad peak at 23.6° is also observed, which proves the formation of NC [31]. The intensity of Ni2P diffraction peaks in the figure decreases with the gradual increase of NC content, showing an obvious change trend. We speculate that the lower diffraction peaks are due to the small size and low content of Ni2P particles [34].
In addition, Raman spectroscopy (Figure 3b) is used to characterize the samples. There are two very distinctive D and G bands at about 1300 and 1600 cm−1, respectively. The D band arises from structural defects in the graphitic plane, whereas the G band is related to the E2g vibrational mode of the sp2-bonded graphitic carbons [39]. The strength ratio ID/IG of the D peak and the G peak indicates the defect degree of the material, the ratio of the Ni2P/NC material is all around 1.00, proving that the prepared material has abundant defect sites to provide sufficient reaction sites [40]. In addition, the weak and broad peaks at around 2700 cm−1 can be attributed to the combination of 2D band and D + G band of the NC [41]. Pure Ni2P has no obvious Raman peak, which is consistent with the results reported previously [42,43], which presumably has something to do with its particular molecular symmetry.
N2 adsorption-desorption measurement is used to further study the surface physical structures. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area (SSA) of pure Ni2P is 2.4 m2·g−1, indicating that the particle accumulation is relatively dense and there is almost no pore structure in the material. However, the BET SSA of the NC is 1340 m2·g−1 (Figure S7a,b). This result proves that the NC has large specific surface area and a porous structure, which is conducive to uniform dispersion of Ni2P particles. Besides, the BET SSA of the Ni2P/NC-60 is 633.5 m2·g−1, indicating that Ni2P is dispersed in the NC and occupies some of the pore structure [44]. The average pore radius is about 3 nm (Figure S8c), confirming the nanoporous structure of the Ni2P/NC [45].
In order to characterize the chemical state of the catalyst surface, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were carried out, the results for which are shown in Figure 4a–d. Figure S8 revealed the presence of the elements C, N, P, Ni and O, which further indicates the formation of Ni2P/NC-60.
By using a Gaussian fitting method, the C 1s spectrum (Figure 4a) shows three peaks at 284.6, 285.8 and 287.5, which can correspond to graphite-like sp2C, N-sp2C and N-sp3C of the NC [46,47]. As for the N 1s spectra (Figure 4b), they are decomposed with four peaks. The binding energy at 398.9 eV, 400.2 eV, 401.1, 402.9 can be consistent with pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, graphitic N and oxidized N in the catalyst [28,48]. The peak centered at 853.3 eV accompanied by a satellite peak at 859.0 eV corresponds to Ni 2p 3/2, and the peak at 871.3 eV together with a satellite peak at 877.1 eV is in line with Ni 2p 1/2 (Figure 4c), which are in good consistence with the characteristic peaks of Ni signals in Ni2P [17,28,49]. Besides, the binding energy of P 2p at 129.40 eV in Figure 4d is typical of metal-P bonds (i.e., Ni2P) [38]. The binding energy at 133.10 eV can be attributed to the phosphorus with a higher oxide state of phosphate at the surface [49,50,51]. In addition, XPS results also reveal that the mass ratio of Ni2P is about 21% in Ni2P/NC-60 (Table S1).
Furthermore, we used linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) to test the hydrogen evolution performance of the composite in 1 M KOH solution [14,36,40]. Figure 5a shows the polarization curves of Pt/C, Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC in 1 M KOH solution. Obviously, the commercial Pt/C (20 wt %) catalyst shows superior catalytic activity, as the initial potential of hydrogen evolution only needs to reach 20 mV. The catalytic activity of pure Ni2P has poor performance, the overpotential is 210 mV at the current density of 10 mA·cm−2, which is basically consistent with the previously reported measurement values [52]. With the addition of NC, the catalytic activity first increased and then decreased. Under the current density of 10 mA·cm−2, the overpotential of Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40 and Ni2P/NC-60 are 180 mV, 137 mV and 108 mV, respectively. Thus, we can see that Ni2P/NC-60 has the best catalytic activity among them. The catalytic performance of the material is better than that of most of the previously reported Ni2P combined with carbon substrates catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (Table S2). Due to the different electronegativity of C and N, nitrogen doping can change the electronic state of carbon material structure, providing a resistance-free way for electrons to pass quickly through the layers of carbon material [48,53]. NC and Ni2P particles form a synergistic effect, which is conducive to accelerating the catalytic reaction kinetics of the HER on its surface. However, when the additive of NC reaches 80 mg, the catalytic activity begins to deteriorate; the overpotential is 143 mV at the current density of 10 mA·cm−2 due to the reduced amounts of Ni2P. For comparison, we also conducted a series of control experiments. The overpotential of pure NC at 10 mA·cm−2 current density is 260 mV, proving that NC is a kind of material with excellent catalytic performance. As mentioned above, we have prepared Ni2P/C and Ni2P/NG. At the current density of 10 mA·cm−2, the catalytic performance of both samples is poorer than that of Ni2P/NC-60 (Figure S9). It indicates that N element doping is an important factor affecting catalytic activity, and the unique porous nanomesh structure is conducive to full contact between materials and solutions, thus effectively promoting the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Tafel slope is also an important parameter to study the catalytic properties of the hydrogen evolution reaction. According to electrode kinetics, the relation between hydrogen evolution overpotential and reaction current density is proposed by the Tafel formula [54]:
η = a + b log |j|,
Figure 5b shows the Tafel slopes measured and calculated by Pt/C (20 wt %), Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC under the same condition of tests, they are 36 mV·dec−1, 120.5 mV·dec−1, 99.3 mV·dec−1, 67.3 mV·dec−1, 85.7 mV·dec−1 and 168.9 mV·dec−1, respectively. Ni2P/NC-60 has the lowest slope of Tafel curve except Pt/C, proving that Ni2P/NC-60 has higher catalytic activity and higher reaction rate, which corresponds to the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism [55,56,57].
Meanwhile, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is considered as an important tool for studying electrode kinetics in catalytic processes (Figure 5c) [58]. The illustration in Figure 5c shows a fitted simplified equivalent circuit diagram, in which Rct represents the alternating impedance of the electrolyte interface. With the increase of NC content, the semicircle radius presented a gradually decreasing trend, indicating that the addition of NC could lead to higher electron transfer rate and faster catalytic kinetics of the catalyst [59].
Stability is another important criterion for evaluating the catalytic performance of electrodes [60]. Figure 5d is the LSV scanning diagram of Ni2P/NC-60 before and after the cyclic-voltammetric (CV) measurement with 1000 cycles in 1 M KOH solution. As can be seen from the figure, after 1000 cycles the overpotential of Ni2P/NC-60 at the current density of 10 mA·cm−2 increases by only 3 mV, indicating that Ni2P/NC-60 electrode has excellent electrochemical stability in the process of the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. The illustration is the time dependence of the current density curve at constant potential. After 24 h of testing, the current density does not decrease significantly. The results show that the activity of the catalyst is stable under the constant voltage test [60].
In order to study the catalytic activity of Ni2P/NC-60 in the alkaline solution of the HER, we carried out CV scanning tests of pure Ni2P (Figure S10) and Ni2P/NC-60 (Figure 6a) at different scanning rates [14]. As shown in the figures, each curve presents a regular rectangle without obvious Faraday reaction. The result of electrochemical double layer capacitance (Cdl) is shown in Figure 6b. On the basis of the calculation, the Cdl value of Ni2P/NC-60 is 19.81 mF·cm−2, while that of pure Ni2P is 1.97 mF·cm−2. The large ECSA value indicates that Ni2P/NC-60 has a large electrochemical active surface area, which is another reason for the high catalytic activity [14,42].

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, a series of novel Ni2P/NC catalysts were successfully designed and prepared by a facile pyrolysis method. Electrochemical tests show that by adding NC, hydrogen evolution overpotential, Tafel slope and AC impedance can be significantly reduced, the stability of the catalyst can be improved, the surface area of electrochemical activity can be increased. Among them, Ni2P/NC-60 has the most excellent hydrogen evolution performance, which is attributed to the fact that the addition of NC changes the original blocky morphology of the catalyst, prevents the aggregation of Ni2P particles, and exposes more active sites. In addition, the comparison experiment also proved that the porous structure of carbon material and the doping of N element are also important factors to improve its catalytic activity. Therefore, this work provides an effective method to prepare similar carbon-based non-noble metal hydrogen evolution catalysts.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/9/7/1022/s1, Figure S1: SEM image of NC, Figure S2: SEM image of Ni2P, Figure S3: SEM image of Ni2P/NC-20, Figure S4: SEM image of Ni2P/NC-40, Figure S5: SEM image of Ni2P/NC-80, Figure S6: SEM images of (a) Ni2P/NG and (b) Ni2P/C, Figure S7: (a) Nitrogen sorption isotherms. (b) SSA. (c) Pore diameters distributions, Figure S8: XPS spectra of Ni2P/NC-60, Figure S9: LSV of Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NG and Ni2P/C in 1 M KOH, Figure S10: CV scanning of Ni2P in 1 M KOH at 50–500 mV s−1, Table S1: XPS Elemental analysis of Ni2P/NC-60, Table S2: Comparison of catalytic performance of different HER electrocatalysts in 1 M KOH.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.Y. and S.H.; methodology, F.Y. and S.H.; validation, F.Y., S.H., B.Z., and L.H.; formal analysis, B.Z., L.H., W.Y., Y.D. and W.B.; investigation, S.H. and B.Z.; resources, F.Y. and Y.L.; data curation, S.H., W.B., and L.H.; writing—original draft preparation, S.H. and Y.D.; writing—review and editing, F.Y., W.Y., S.H. and Y.D.; visualization, L.H.; supervision, Y.L., F.Y., C.X. and S.H.; project administration, Y.L. and C.X.; funding acquisition, Y.L. and F.Y.; F.Y. and S.H. contributed equally to this work.

Funding

This research was funded by Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21776302, 21576289), the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum (Beijing) (Nos. 2462017BJB04, 2462015YQ0306).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Rausch, B.; Symes, M.D.; Chisholm, G.; Cronin, L. Decoupled catalytic hydrogen evolution from a molecular metal oxide redox mediator in water splitting. Science 2014, 345, 1326–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Wang, J.X.; Liu, X.Y.; Liu, Y.; Yang, G.W. Active Pore-Edge Engineering of Single-Layer Niobium Diselenide Porous Nanosheets Electrode for Hydrogen Evolution. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Gao, M.; Liu, D.; Yang, H.H.; Huang, H.; Luo, Q.; Huang, Y.F.; Yu, X.F.; Chu, P.K. Modification of Layered Graphitic Carbon Nitride by Nitrogen Plasma for Improved Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Wang, A.L.; Lin, J.; Xu, H.; Tong, Y.X.; Li, G.R. Ni2P–CoP hybrid nanosheet arrays supported on carbon cloth as an efficient flexible cathode for hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Chem. 2016, 4, 16992–16999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Zou, X.; Zhang, Y. Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 5148–5180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Colli, A.N.; Girault, H.H.; Battistel, A. Non-Precious Electrodes for Practical Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Materials 2019, 12, 1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Yu, J.; Guo, Y.; She, S.; Miao, S.; Ni, M.; Zhou, W.; Liu, M.; Shao, Z. Bigger is Surprisingly Better: Agglomerates of Larger RuP Nanoparticles Outperform Benchmark Pt Nanocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1800047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Cheng, N.; Stambula, S.; Wang, D.; Banis, M.N.; Liu, J.; Riese, A.; Xiao, B.; Li, R.; Sham, T.K.; Liu, L.M.; et al. Platinum single-atom and cluster catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Pu, Z.; Amiinu, I.S.; Kou, Z.; Li, W.; Mu, S. RuP2-Based Catalysts with Platinum-like Activity and Higher Durability for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at All pH Values. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 11559–11564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Wei, Z.; Hu, X.; Ning, S.; Kang, X.; Chen, S. Supported Heterostructured MoC/Mo2C Nanoribbons and Nanoflowers as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 8458–8465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Huang, Y.; Ge, J.; Hu, J.; Zhang, J.; Hao, J.; Wei, Y. Nitrogen-Doped Porous Molybdenum Carbide and Phosphide Hybrids on a Carbon Matrix as Highly Effective Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, e1701601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Xie, L.; Liang, Y.; Hong, G.; Dai, H. MoS2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: An advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7296–7299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Du, C.; Yang, L.; Yang, F.; Cheng, G.; Luo, W. Nest-like NiCoP for Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 4131–4137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ma, M.; Ren, X.; Liu, Z.; Du, G.; Asiri, A.M.; Sun, X. A Mn-doped Ni2P nanosheet array: An efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in alkaline media. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 11048–11051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Liu, P.; Rodriguez, J.A. Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from the [NiFe] Hydrogenase to the Ni2P (001) Surface:  The Importance of Ensemble Effect. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14871–14878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Wang, Q.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, H.; Huang, H.; Jiao, H.; Du, Y. MOF-derived porous Ni2P nanosheets as novel bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. J. Mater. Chem. 2018, 6, 18720–18727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Jin, X.; Li, J.; Cui, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, K.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, C.; Jiang, X.; et al. In-situ synthesis of porous Ni2P nanosheets for efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2019, 44, 5739–5747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Wang, X.; Kolen’ko, Y.V.; Bao, X.Q.; Kovnir, K.; Liu, L. One-Step Synthesis of Self-Supported Nickel Phosphide Nanosheet Array Cathodes for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8188–8192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Yan, L.; Jiang, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, L.; Gu, X.; Dai, P.; Liu, D.; Tang, S.F.; Zhao, G.; Zhao, X.; et al. One-step and scalable synthesis of Ni2P nanocrystals encapsulated in N, P-codoped hierarchically porous carbon matrix using a bipyridine and phosphonate linked nickel metal–organic framework as highly efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 297, 755–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zhou, Q.; Shen, Z.; Zhu, C.; Li, J.; Ding, Z.; Wang, P.; Pan, F.; Zhang, Z.; Ma, H.; Wang, S.; et al. Nitrogen-Doped CoP Electrocatalysts for Coupled Hydrogen Evolution and Sulfur Generation with Low Energy Consumption. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1800140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wang, S.; Zhang, L.; Li, X.; Li, C.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, H. Sponge-like nickel phosphide–carbon nanotube hybrid electrodes for efficient hydrogen evolution over a wide pH range. Nano Res. 2016, 10, 415–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Pan, Y.; Hu, W.; Liu, D.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C. Carbon nanotubes decorated with nickel phosphide nanoparticles as efficient nanohybrid electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Mater. Chem. 2015, 3, 13087–13094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Jin, H.Y.; Wang, J.; Su, D.F.; Wei, Z.Z.; Pang, Z.F.; Wang, Y. In situ Cobalt–Cobalt Oxide/N-Doped Carbon Hybrids as Superior Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2688–2694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Su, J.; Yang, Y.; Xia, G.; Chen, J.; Jiang, P.; Chen, Q. Corrigendum: Ruthenium-cobalt nanoalloys encapsulated in nitrogen-doped graphene as active electrocatalysts for producing hydrogen in alkaline media. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 16028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Chen, Y.Y.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, W.J.; Zhang, X.; Dai, Z.; Wan, L.J.; Hu, J.S. Pomegranate-like N, P-Doped Mo2C@C Nanospheres as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 8851–8860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Miao, M.; Hou, R.; Liang, Z.; Qi, R.; He, T.; Yan, Y.; Qi, K.; Liu, H.; Feng, G.; Xia, B.Y. Chainmail catalyst of ultrathin P-doped carbon shell-encapsulated nickel phosphides on graphene towards robust and efficient hydrogen generation. J. Mater. Chem. 2018, 6, 24107–24113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Cao, L.; Luo, Q.; Liu, W.; Lin, Y.; Liu, X.; Cao, Y.; Zhang, W.; Wu, Y.; Yang, J.; Yao, T.; et al. Identification of single-atom active sites in carbon-based cobalt catalysts during electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat. Catal. 2018, 2, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Pan, Y.; Yang, N.; Chen, Y.; Lin, Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C. Nickel phosphide nanoparticles-nitrogen-doped graphene hybrid as an efficient catalyst for enhanced hydrogen evolution activity. J. Power Sources 2015, 297, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Li, Y.; Cai, P.; Ci, S.; Wen, Z. Strongly Coupled 3D Nanohybrids with Ni2P/Carbon Nanosheets as pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts. ChemElectroChem 2017, 4, 340–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Yang, F.; Wang, M.; Liu, W.; Yang, B.; Wang, Y.; Luo, J.; Tang, Y.; Hou, L.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; et al. Atomically dispersed Ni as the active site towards selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Green Chem. 2019, 21, 704–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Yang, F.; Fan, X.; Wang, C.; Yang, W.; Hou, L.; Xu, X.; Feng, A.; Dong, S.; Chen, K.; Wang, Y.; et al. P-doped nanomesh graphene with high-surface-area as an efficient metal-free catalyst for aerobic oxidative coupling of amines. Carbon 2017, 121, 443–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ma, X.; Ning, G.; Qi, C.; Xu, C.; Gao, J. Phosphorus and nitrogen dual-doped few-layered porous graphene: A high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 14415–14422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Yang, F.; Wang, C.; Dong, S.; Chi, C.; Jia, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, Y. Plasma synthesis of Pd/PdO supported on porous graphene as electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. Mater. Lett. 2016, 174, 192–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Guan, Q.; Han, F.; Li, W. Catalytic performance and deoxygenation path of methyl palmitate on Ni2P/SiO2 synthesized using the thermal decomposition of nickel hypophosphite. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 31308–31315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Yang, F.; Chi, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y. High graphite N content in nitrogen-doped graphene as an efficient metal-free catalyst for reduction of nitroarenes in water. Green Chem. 2016, 18, 4254–4262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Wei, C.; Rao, R.R.; Peng, J.; Huang, B.; Stephens, I.E.L.; Risch, M.; Xu, Z.J.; Shao-Horn, Y. Recommended Practices and Benchmark Activity for Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Water Splitting and Fuel Cells. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1806296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Chang, J.; Feng, L.; Liu, C.; Xing, W.; Hu, X. Ni2P enhances the activity and durability of the Pt anode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 1628–1632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Wang, W.; An, T.; Li, G.; Xia, D.; Zhao, H.; Yu, J.C.; Wong, P.K. Earth-abundant Ni2P/g-C3N4 lamellar nanohydrids for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and bacterial inactivation under visible light irradiation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 217, 570–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Chang, J.; Feng, L.; Liu, C.; Xing, W.; Hu, X. An effective Pd-Ni2P/C anode catalyst for direct formic acid fuel cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 122–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Yang, F.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, G.; Chen, S.; Luo, W. Ultrathin Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Coated with CoP for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 3824–3831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Wang, T.; Wang, L.X.; Wu, D.L.; Xia, W.; Jia, D.Z. Interaction between nitrogen and sulfur in co-doped graphene and synergetic effect in supercapacitor. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 9591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. He, S.; He, S.; Bo, X.; Wang, Q.; Zhan, F.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, C. Porous Ni2P/C microrods derived from microwave-prepared MOF-74-Ni and its electrocatalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction. Mater. Lett. 2018, 231, 94–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Dong, C.; Guo, L.; He, Y.; Chen, C.; Qian, Y.; Chen, Y.; Xu, L. Sandwich-like Ni2P nanoarray/nitrogen-doped graphene nanoarchitecture as a high-performance anode for sodium and lithium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2018, 15, 234–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Wu, Z.Y.; Xu, X.X.; Hu, B.C.; Liang, H.W.; Lin, Y.; Chen, L.F.; Yu, S.H. Iron Carbide Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Mesoporous Fe-N-Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Efficient Electrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8179–8183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Liu, X.; Zhang, J.; Guo, S.; Pinna, N. Graphene/N-doped carbon sandwiched nanosheets with ultrahigh nitrogen doping for boosting lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2016, 4, 1423–1431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Ren, G.; Lu, X.; Li, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Dai, L.; Jiang, L. Porous Core-Shell Fe3C Embedded N-doped Carbon Nanofibers as an Effective Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 4118–4125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Wei, D.C.; Liu, Y.Q.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.L.; Huang, L.P.; Yu, G. Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Electrical Properties. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1752–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Deng, B.; Wang, D.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Shi, S.; Jiang, Z.J.; Liu, M. Amine group induced high activity of highly torn amine functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene as the metal-free catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Carbon 2018, 138, 169–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Zhou, Z.; Wei, L.; Wang, Y.; Karahan, H.E.; Chen, Z.; Lei, Y.; Chen, X.; Zhai, S.; Liao, X.; Chen, Y. Hydrogen evolution reaction activity of nickel phosphide is highly sensitive to electrolyte pH. J. Mater. Chem. 2017, 5, 20390–20397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Dai, X.; Song, H.; Yan, Z.; Li, F.; Chen, Y.; Wang, X.; Yuan, D.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y. Effect of preparation temperature on the structures and hydrodeoxygenation performance of Ni2P/C catalysts prepared by decomposition of hypophosphites. New J. Chem. 2018, 42, 19917–19923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Xue, Y.; Guan, Q.; Li, W. Synthesis of bulk and supported nickel phosphide using microwave radiation for hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 53623–53628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Feng, L.; Vrubel, H.; Bensimon, M.; Hu, X. Easily-prepared dinickel phosphide (Ni2P) nanoparticles as an efficient and robust electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 5917–5921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Zheng, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Li, L.H.; Han, Y.; Chen, Y.; Du, A.; Jaroniec, M.; Qiao, S.Z. Hydrogen evolution by a metal-free electrocatalyst. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Zhang, Y.; Ouyang, B.; Xu, J.; Chen, S.; Rawat, R.S.; Fan, H.J. 3D Porous Hierarchical Nickel-Molybdenum Nitrides Synthesized by RF Plasma as Highly Active and Stable Hydrogen-Evolution-Reaction Electrocatalysts. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, e1600221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Lei, C.; Wang, Y.; Hou, Y.; Liu, P.; Yang, J.; Zhang, T.; Zhuang, X.; Chen, M.; Yang, B.; Lei, L.; et al. Efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution on atomically dispersed Ni–Nx Species anchored porous carbon with embedded Ni nanoparticles by accelerating water dissociation kinetics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 149–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Zhang, J.; Wang, T.; Liu, P.; Liao, Z.; Liu, S.; Zhuang, X.; Chen, M.; Zschech, E.; Feng, X. Efficient hydrogen production on MoNi4 electrocatalysts with fast water dissociation kinetics. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Long, G.F.; Wan, K.; Liu, M.Y.; Liang, Z.X.; Piao, J.H.; Tsiakaras, P. Active sites and mechanism on nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Catal. 2017, 348, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Sun, H.; Xu, X.; Yan, Z.; Chen, X.; Cheng, F.; Weiss, P.S.; Chen, J. Porous Multishelled Ni2P Hollow Microspheres as an Active Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 8539–8547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Tang, C.; Zhang, R.; Lu, W.; Wang, Z.; Liu, D.; Hao, S.; Du, G.; Asiri, A.M.; Sun, X. Energy-Saving Electrolytic Hydrogen Generation: Ni2P Nanoarray as a High-Performance Non-Noble-Metal Electrocatalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 842–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Liu, H.; Suen, N.T.; Yu, X.; Feng, L. Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Efficiently Catalyzed by Ru2P Nanoparticles. ChemSusChem 2018, 11, 2724–2729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nanomaterials 09 01022 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Illustration of the synthesis of Ni2P/NC.
Scheme 1. Illustration of the synthesis of Ni2P/NC.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 sch001
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g001 550
Figure 1. SEM images (a,b) of Ni2P/NC-60.
Figure 1. SEM images (a,b) of Ni2P/NC-60.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g001
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g002 550
Figure 2. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image (a) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping images (b–g) of Ni2P/NC-60.
Figure 2. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image (a) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping images (b–g) of Ni2P/NC-60.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g002
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g003 550
Figure 3. XRD patterns (a) and Raman spectra (b) of different components of materials.
Figure 3. XRD patterns (a) and Raman spectra (b) of different components of materials.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g003
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g004 550
Figure 4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of (a) C, (b) N, (c) Ni and (d) P.
Figure 4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of (a) C, (b) N, (c) Ni and (d) P.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g004
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g005 550
Figure 5. Profiles of different electrocatalytic experiments: (a) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves of Pt/C, Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC electrodes in 1 M KOH solution. (b) Tafel plots of Pt/C, Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC. (c) Nyquist plots of the Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC electrodes in 1 M KOH with a fitted equivalent circuit (inset). (d) LSV curves of Ni2P/NC-60 before and after 1000 cycles, the inset is the time dependence of current density curve at the potential of −105 mV vs. RHE in 1 M KOH.
Figure 5. Profiles of different electrocatalytic experiments: (a) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves of Pt/C, Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC electrodes in 1 M KOH solution. (b) Tafel plots of Pt/C, Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC. (c) Nyquist plots of the Ni2P, Ni2P/NC-20, Ni2P/NC-40, Ni2P/NC-60, Ni2P/NC-80 and NC electrodes in 1 M KOH with a fitted equivalent circuit (inset). (d) LSV curves of Ni2P/NC-60 before and after 1000 cycles, the inset is the time dependence of current density curve at the potential of −105 mV vs. RHE in 1 M KOH.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g005
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) CV curves for Cdl at different scan rates (50–500 mV s−1) of Ni2P/NC-60 in 1 M KOH; (b) Electrochemical double layer capacitance (Cdl) at 0.584 V vs. RHE of Ni2P and Ni2P/NC-60.
Figure 6. (a) CV curves for Cdl at different scan rates (50–500 mV s−1) of Ni2P/NC-60 in 1 M KOH; (b) Electrochemical double layer capacitance (Cdl) at 0.584 V vs. RHE of Ni2P and Ni2P/NC-60.
Nanomaterials 09 01022 g006

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, F.; Huang, S.; Zhang, B.; Hou, L.; Ding, Y.; Bao, W.; Xu, C.; Yang, W.; Li, Y. Facile Synthesis of Well-Dispersed Ni2P on N-Doped Nanomesh Carbon Matrix as a High-Efficiency Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071022

AMA Style

Yang F, Huang S, Zhang B, Hou L, Ding Y, Bao W, Xu C, Yang W, Li Y. Facile Synthesis of Well-Dispersed Ni2P on N-Doped Nanomesh Carbon Matrix as a High-Efficiency Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(7):1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071022

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Fan, Shuo Huang, Bing Zhang, Liqiang Hou, Yi Ding, Weijie Bao, Chunming Xu, Wang Yang, and Yongfeng Li. 2019. "Facile Synthesis of Well-Dispersed Ni2P on N-Doped Nanomesh Carbon Matrix as a High-Efficiency Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction" Nanomaterials 9, no. 7: 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071022

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop