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An Efficient, Eco-friendly and Sustainable One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Directly from Alcohols Catalyzed by Heteropolyanion-Based Ionic Liquids
 
 
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Article

FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones and Dihydropyrimidinethiones under Microwave Irradiation

by
Fei Zhao
*,
Xiuwen Jia
,
Pinyi Li
,
Jingwei Zhao
,
Jun Huang
,
Honglian Li
and
Lin Li
Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, 168 Hua Guan Road, Chengdu 610052, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2017, 22(9), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091503
Submission received: 22 August 2017 / Revised: 7 September 2017 / Accepted: 7 September 2017 / Published: 11 September 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Cascade Reactions)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
An efficient and practical protocol has been developed to synthesize dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones through FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-catalyzed three-component cyclocondensation under microwave irradiation. This approach features high yields, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity and easy work-up, thus affording a versatile method for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones have received great attention in synthetic organic chemistry because of their ubiquitous presence in a large number of natural products and pharmaceutical agents [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. For example, they act as key components in natural marine alkaloids such as batzelladine A-I [11,12,13], ptilocaulin [14], and saxitoxin [15]. Moreover, they exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial [16], antitumor [17,18,19,20], anti-inflammatory [20], antiviral [21], and antihypertensive activities [22,23]. They are also known as calcium channel blockers [24,25,26,27] and α1A-adrenergic receptor (α1A-AR) antagonists [28,29]. In addition, dihydropyrimidinones display as a key precursor in the synthesis of pyrimidine bases which constitute the basic skeleton of nucleic acids [30]. Therefore, an efficient access to these two structures is highly desirable for both organic synthesis and drug discovery.
The first synthetic method for the preparation of dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones was reported by Biginelli in 1893 [31]. However, this method suffered from low yields and the usage of strong acids. Consequently, improved procedures, including the employment of Lewis acid catalysts [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56], bases [57,58], ionic liquids [59,60,61,62], ultrasound irradiation [63], and nanocomposites [64,65,66] have been developed. Despite the remarkable achievements made, however, many of these methods still suffer from major or minor drawbacks, such as long reaction time, harsh reaction conditions, low yields, the stoichiometric requirements of the metal catalysts and the involvement of expensive or toxic reagents. Therefore, the development of a faster, milder, high-yielding and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones is still of great significance. Herein, we present our efforts towards FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr- (TMSBr = Bromotrimethylsilane) catalyzed three-component cyclocondensation under microwave irradiation to synthesize dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones. Our protocol features high yields, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity and easy work-up, thus affording a rapid and convenient approach for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones.

2. Results and Discussion

We began our study by investigating the reaction of 1-tetralone (1a), benzaldehyde (2a) and thiourea (3a) in CH3CN at 90 °C in an oil bath for 10 h employing FeCl3∙6H2O as the catalyst, considering the potential of FeCl3∙6H2O in Biginelli-like reactions [45,67,68] (Table 1, entry 1). Pleasingly, the desired product 4a was obtained, albeit with low yield. Considering that microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) is time and energy-saving [69,70,71] and its applications in Biginelli-like reactions [57,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81], we then chose this technology to conduct the three-component condensation reaction. As a result, a similar yield was obtained under the same catalytic conditions when the reaction was carried out under microwave irradiation for just 2 h (Table 1, entry 2). Then, we tried to optimize the reaction conditions under microwave heating. At first, various catalysts such as ZnCl2, FeSO4∙7H2O, CuBr2, and AlCl3 were evaluated (Table 1, entries 3–6), and none of them exhibited a higher catalytic performance than FeCl3∙6H2O. Next, employing FeCl3∙6H2O as the catalyst, a series of additives were added and screened in order to improve the reaction yield (Table 1, entries 7–12). Both BF3∙OEt2 and BBr3 caused no obvious enhancement of the reaction yield (Table 1, entries 7 and 8). As TMS-X-type (X = Cl, I, OTf) compounds were proved to be efficient reagents which could significantly promote Biginelli-like reactions [44,45,56,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102], we then explored the effects of this kind of additive. We found that TMSOTf, TMSCl, TMSBr and TMSI could improve the yield to different degrees (Table 1, entries 9–12). To our delight, TMSBr was found to be the most efficient additive, with which product 4a was obtained in 88% yield by filtration (Table 1, entry 11). This might be because TMSBr could activate the carbonyl group of 1a to promote the reaction [103,104,105]. Subsequently, a further screening of the solvents revealed that increasing the polarity of the solvent generally had a positive effect on the reaction yield (Table 1, entry 13–16), and CH3CN displayed as the best choice to promote the transformation, although ethanol could be an alternative solvent with which a slight lower yield (84%) was observed (Table 1, entry 16). In addition, solvent-free conditions were also tested, and only a moderate yield (52%) was obtained because of the recovery of the materials (Table 1, entry 17). By contrast, a lower yield (80%) was observed when the reaction was heated with an oil bath for 8 h under the optimal reaction conditions because of the incomplete consumption of the substrates (Table 1, entry 18), and it took 10 hours to finish the reaction to obtain a comparable yield (87%) using an oil bath (Table 1, entry 19). These results highlighted the efficiency of microwave irradiation. In this way, FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-catalyzed synthesis of dihydropyrimidinethiones through three-component cyclocondensation under microwave heating was developed.
After determining the optimal reaction conditions, we then examined the general applicability of this process. In general, various substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones were easily prepared in good to high yields by the reaction of ketones, benzaldehydes and thiourea under the catalysis of FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr (Table 2). The reactions of benzaldehydes carrying electron-donating groups (Me, MeO) furnished the corresponding products 4b–4d in 80%–86% yields (Table 2, entries 2–4). The protocol was also compatible with benzaldehydes bearing electron-withdrawing groups (CN, COOMe) and afforded the desired products 4e–4f in good to high yields (Table 2, entries 5 and 6). Halogens (F, Cl, Br) were tolerated well and excellent yields (89%–90%) were obtained (Table 2, entries 7–9). Subsequently, the substituents on the 1-tetralones were investigated. As a result, the reactions of 1-tetralones with electron-donating group (MeO), halogen (Br) and electron-withdrawing group (NO2) on the benzene ring gave the corresponding products 4j–4l in high yields (Table 2, entries 10–12). In addition, a high yield (89%) was observed when 1-indanone was subjected to the optimal reaction conditions (Table 2, entries 13).
Next, a wide range of structurally diverse ketones, benzaldehydes and urea were subjected to the optimal reaction conditions to produce the corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones in high yields (Table 3). The reaction of benzaldehyde furnished the product 6a in 90% yield (Table 3, entry 1). Benzaldehydes with electron-donating group (Me), electron-withdrawing groups (NO2, CN) and halogens (F, Cl, Br) also reacted smoothly to achieve the desired products 6b–6g in high yields (Table 3, entries 2–7). In addition, the reactions of 1-tetralones carrying electron-donating group (MeO), halogen (Br) and electron-withdrawing group (NO2) on the benzene ring afforded the corresponding products 6h–6j in 81%–88% yields (Table 3, entries 8–10). Pleasingly, high yields were also obtained when 1-indanone and 4-chromanone were employed as substrates (Table 3, entries 11 and 12), these findings further broadened the substrate scope of this methodology. It should be noted that the structures of compounds 4 and 6 were confirmed by 1H-NMR (see Supplementary Files), 13C-NMR (see Supplementary Files), Low-resolution mass (LRMS) and high-resolution mass (HRMS).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

The reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on HSGF 254 (0.15–0.2 mm thickness), visualized by irradiation with UV light (254 nm). Column chromatography was performed using silica gel FCP 200–300. Melting points were measured with a micro melting point apparatus. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded on a Brucker AMX-300 or 400 or 500 MHz instrument [TMS (Tetramethylsilane) as IS (Internal Standard)]. Chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm, δ) downfield from tetramethylsilane. Proton coupling patterns were described as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), multiplet (m), and broad (br). Low and high-resolution mass (LRMS and HRMS) were measured by the EI (Electron Ionization) method with a Tsou-EI mass spectrometer. All the microwave-assisted reactions were performed in sealed tubes (capacity 10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere under a microwave heating system (CEM Discover) at the specified temperature. A feedback mechanism was involved in the temperature control system, and the reaction temperature which could be read from the temperature display screen was real-time monitored. It should be noted that a fixed power (30 W) was found to be appropriate to achieve the reaction temperature (90 °C) without overheating since a higher power led to the loss of efficacy of the temperature control system which resulted in overheating.

3.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones (4)

A high-pressure microwave vessel (capacity 10 mL) was loaded with ketones (0.5 mmol), benzaldehydes (0.5 mmol), thiourea (0.75 mmol), FeCl3∙6H2O (0.05 mmol) and TMSBr (0.5 mmol) in CH3CN (3.0 mL). The vessel was degassed, refilled with nitrogen, and sealed. Then the mixture was heated to 90 °C for 2 h under microwave irradiation using a CEM Discover (fixed power, 30 W). After cooling, the solids which had precipitated out were separated by filtration, and the solids obtained were washed with CH3CN to give the desired products 4.
4-Phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4a): White solid (128.7 mg, 88%), m.p. 246–248 °C. 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.76 (s, 1H), 9.10 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.39–7.35 (m, 2H), 7.34–7.28 (m, 3H), 7.24–7.16 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 2.77–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.61–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.22–2.12 (m, 1H), 1.88–1.77 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.28, 142.90, 135.45, 128.75, 127.98, 127.81, 127.75, 127.64, 127.02, 126.69, 126.38, 121.71, 111.23, 58.51, 27.37, 23.65. LRMS (EI): 292 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H16N2S (M+) 292.1034, found: 292.1031.
4-p-Tolyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4b): White solid (131.3 mg, 86%), m.p. 230–232 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.74 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23–7.15 (m, 7H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 2.71 (dt, J = 15.4, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.64–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.23–2.10 (m, 1H), 1.89–1.77 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.15, 139.99, 137.20, 135.43, 129.25, 127.78, 127.75, 127.61, 126.96, 126.59, 126.35, 121.67, 111.37, 58.21, 27.36, 23.62, 20.75. LRMS (EI): 306 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H18N2S (M+) 306.1191, found: 306.1192.
4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4c): White solid (158.6 mg, 83%), m.p. 224–226 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 9.01 (s, 1H), 7.75–7.53 (m, 1H), 7.31–7.09 (m, 3H), 6.64 (s, 2H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.80–2.70 (m, 1H), 2.70–2.58 (m, 1H), 2.29–2.12 (m, 1H), 2.04–1.84 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.21, 152.99, 138.30, 137.12, 135.51, 127.76, 127.73, 127.60, 126.92, 126.32, 121.65, 111.01, 104.22, 59.99, 58.43, 55.86, 27.39, 23.59. LRMS (EI): 382 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C21H22N2O3S (M+) 382.1351, found: 382.1349.
4-O-tolyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4d): White solid (122.9 mg, 80%), m.p. 241–242 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33–7.07 (m, 7H), 5.25 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.76–2.64 (m, 1H), 2.60–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.18–1.99 (m, 1H), 1.77–1.59 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 173.94, 140.83, 135.64, 135.41, 130.60, 128.42, 127.85, 127.71, 127.68, 127.56, 126.74, 126.59, 126.33, 121.62, 111.15, 55.55, 27.28, 23.31, 18.83. LRMS (EI): 306 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H18N2S (M+) 306.1191, found: 306.1193.
4-(3-Nitrilephenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4e): White solid (144.1 mg, 91%), m.p. 243–244 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.90 (s, 1H), 9.12 (s, 1H), 7.83–7.78 (m, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.72–7.59 (m, 3H), 7.26–7.19 (m, 2H), 7.19–7.13 (m, 1H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 2.78–2.67 (m, 1H), 2.66–2.54 (m, 1H), 2.26–2.14 (m, 1H), 1.90–1.79 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.51, 144.24, 135.50, 131.83, 131.76, 130.51, 130.21, 127.94, 127.61, 127.47, 127.21, 126.31, 121.81, 118.63, 111.50, 110.19, 57.53, 27.22, 23.34. LRMS (EI): 317 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H15N3S (M+) 317.0987, found: 317.0979.
methyl 4-(2-Thioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-4-yl)benzoate (4f): White solid (133.8 mg, 76%), m.p. 188–190 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.86 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31–7.07 (m, 3H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.77–2.67 (m, 1H), 2.63–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.27–2.10 (m, 1H), 1.90–1.72 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.49, 165.99, 147.92, 135.49, 129.73, 129.18, 127.95, 127.66, 127.61, 127.37, 126.99, 126.38, 121.79, 110.49, 58.13, 52.24, 27.31, 23.52. LRMS (EI): 350 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C20H18N2O2S (M+) 350.1089, found: 350.1085.
4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4g): White solid (138.3 mg, 89%), m.p. 242–243 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.80 (s, 1H), 9.10 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.24–7.19 (m, 4H), 7.18–7.13 (m, 1H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 2.78–2.66 (m, 1H), 2.64–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.28–2.03 (m, 1H), 1.90–1.72 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.23, 161.77 (d, JC–F = 243.9 Hz), 139.13, 135.48, 129.07 (d, JC–F = 8.3 Hz), 127.86, 127.68, 127.64, 126.82, 126.37, 121.76, 115.55 (d, JC–F = 21.4 Hz), 111.05, 57.66, 27.34, 23.55. LRMS (EI): 310 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15FN2S (M+) 310.0940, found: 310.0933.
4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4h): White solid (146.8 mg, 90%), m.p. 226–228 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.82 (s, 1H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 7.72–7.64 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.23–7.18 (m, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 2.78–2.66 (m, 1H), 2.67–2.54 (m, 1H), 2.24–2.12 (m, 1H), 1.88–1.75 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.26, 141.74, 135.43, 132.45, 128.84, 128.70, 127.83, 127.58, 126.87, 126.31, 121.72, 110.69, 57.64, 27.26, 23.46. LRMS (EI): 326 (M+, Cl35), 328 (M+, Cl37); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15ClN2S (M+) 326.0644, found: 326.0636.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4i): White solid (166.5 mg, 90%), m.p. 229–230 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.82 (s, 1H), 9.12 (s, 1H), 7.73–7.65 (m, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24–7.13 (m, 3H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 2.77–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.64–2.54 (m, 1H), 2.27–2.09 (m, 1H), 1.89–1.74 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.27, 142.14, 135.44, 131.63, 129.20, 127.85, 127.59, 126.89, 126.32, 121.73, 121.05, 110.64, 57.72, 27.27, 23.46. LRMS (EI): 370 (M+, Br79), 372 (M+, Br81); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15BrN2S (M+) 370.0139, found: 370.0134.
8-Methoxy-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4j): White solid (135.0 mg, 84%), m.p. 247–248 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 7.73–7.55 (m, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 8.9, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 7.34–7.27 (m, 3H), 6.82–6.69 (m, 2H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.76–2.63 (m, 1H), 2.63–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.22–2.10 (m, 1H), 1.87–1.72 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.20, 158.91, 143.10, 137.53, 128.74, 127.93, 127.01, 126.53, 123.12, 120.63, 113.97, 110.85, 108.56, 58.51, 55.18, 27.78, 23.62. LRMS (EI): 322 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H18N2OS (M+) 322.1140, found: 322.1139.
9-Bromo-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4k): White solid (159.1 mg, 86%), m.p. 225–226 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.97 (s, 1H), 9.12 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.42–7.35 (m, 3H), 7.35–7.28 (m, 3H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 2.74–2.63 (m, 1H), 2.60–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.28–2.09 (m, 1H), 1.93–1.74 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.38, 142.67, 134.76, 130.27, 129.94, 129.58, 128.81, 128.07, 127.03, 125.93, 124.67, 119.60, 112.85, 58.44, 26.74, 23.51. LRMS (EI): 370 (M+, Br79), 372 (M+, Br81); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15BrN2S (M+) 370.0139, found: 370.0145.
9-Nitro-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-2(1H)-thione (4l): White solid (154.8 mg, 92%), m.p. 228–229 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.36 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.63 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43–7.37 (m, 2H), 7.36–7.31 (m, 3H), 5.00 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93–2.81 (m, 1H), 2.72 (ddd, J = 16.0, 9.0, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.37–2.15 (m, 1H), 2.02–1.78 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.53, 146.49, 143.72, 142.50, 129.21, 128.81, 128.09, 127.06, 125.73, 122.63, 116.89, 113.98, 58.33, 27.34, 23.02. LRMS (EI): 337 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15N3O2S (M+) 337.0885, found: 337.0889.
4-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-indeno[1,2-d]pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione (4m): White solid (123.4 mg, 89%), m.p. 199–201 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.82 (s, 1H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 7.96–7.71 (m, 1H), 7.42–7.24 (m, 7H), 7.22–7.11 (m, 1H), 5.51 (s, 1H), 3.33 (d, J = 23.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (d, J = 23.2 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 174.24, 143.42, 142.26, 136.48, 132.95, 128.76, 127.75, 126.57, 126.40, 125.45, 124.09, 118.84, 115.34, 57.56, 34.92. LRMS (EI): 278 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C17H14N2S (M+) 278.0878, found: 278.0877.

3.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (6)

A high-pressure microwave vessel (capacity 10 mL) was loaded with ketones (0.5 mmol), benzaldehydes (0.5 mmol), urea (0.75 mmol), FeCl3∙6H2O (0.05 mmol) and TMSBr (0.5 mmol) in CH3CN (3.0 mL). The vessel was degassed, refilled with nitrogen, and sealed. Then the mixture was heated to 90 °C for 2 h under microwave irradiation using a CEM Discover (fixed power, 30 W). After cooling, the solids which had precipitated out were separated by filtration, and the solids obtained were washed with CH3CN to give the desired products 6.
4-Phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6a): White solid (124.1 mg, 90%), m.p. 270–272 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.58 (dd, J = 13.4, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.39–7.30 (m, 5H), 7.30–7.24 (m, 1H), 7.25–7.12 (m, 3H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 2.75–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.62–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.19–2.03 (m, 1H), 1.84–1.65 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.49, 144.20, 135.47, 128.85, 128.65, 127.72, 127.67, 127.54, 127.52, 126.95, 126.40, 121.27, 108.16, 59.16, 27.66, 23.58. LRMS (EI): 276 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H16N2O (M+) 276.1263, found: 276.1260.
4-M-tolyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6b): White solid (124.9 mg, 86%), m.p. 273–275 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27–7.17 (m, 4H), 7.16–7.08 (m, 4H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 2.75–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.62–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.19–2.02 (m, 1H), 1.84–1.67 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.41, 144.19, 137.71, 135.47, 128.87, 128.54, 128.31, 127.63, 127.54, 127.49, 127.47, 126.39, 124.14, 121.25, 108.17, 59.18, 27.66, 23.56, 21.16. LRMS (EI): 290 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H18N2O (M+) 290.1419, found: 276.1412.
4-(4-Nitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6c): White solid (146.1 mg, 91%), m.p. 214–216 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.64–7.56 (m, 3H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.24–7.11 (m, 3H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 2.77–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.64–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.22–2.09 (m, 1H), 1.81–1.68 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.18, 146.62, 143.71, 143.66, 130.27, 128.66, 127.74, 126.93, 126.78, 122.34, 116.19, 110.97, 58.94, 27.59, 22.92. LRMS (EI): 321 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15N3O3 (M+) 321.1113, found: 321.1114.
3-(2-Oxo-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-4-yl)benzonitrile (6d): White solid (127.1 mg, 84%), m.p. 286–287 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.81–7.73 (m, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.65–7.56 (m, 2H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.26–7.10 (m, 3H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 2.78–2.66 (m, 1H), 2.64–2.54 (m, 1H), 2.20–2.08 (m, 1H), 1.81–1.69 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.33, 145.69, 135.58, 131.95, 131.62, 130.59, 130.22, 128.64, 128.38, 127.78, 127.64, 126.46, 121.47, 118.86, 111.46, 107.09, 58.35, 27.62, 23.34. LRMS (EI): 301 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H15N3O (M+) 301.1215, found: 301.1210.
4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6e): White solid (120.9 mg, 82%), m.p. 209–210 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.66–7.51 (m, 1H), 7.40–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.25–7.10 (m, 5H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 2.76–2.66 (m, 1H), 2.63–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.19–1.99 (m, 1H), 1.81–1.67 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 161.58 (d, JC–F = 243.1 Hz), 153.27 (s), 140.43 (s), 135.45 (s), 128.90 (d, JC–F = 8.2 Hz), 128.75 (s), 127.82 (s), 127.51 (s), 126.35 (s), 121.29 (s), 115.35 (d, JC–F = 21.4 Hz), 107.89 (s), 58.30 (s), 27.61 (s), 23.45 (s). LRMS (EI): 294 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15FN2O (M+) 294.1168, found: 294.1168.
4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6f): White solid (140.1 mg, 90%), m.p. 279–280 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.30 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24–7.12 (m, 3H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 2.77–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.63–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.21–2.03 (m, 1H), 1.87–1.70 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.33, 146.67, 135.50, 133.23, 130.68, 128.67, 128.11, 127.66, 127.62, 127.59, 126.77, 126.41, 125.61, 121.36, 107.46, 58.50, 27.62, 23.42. LRMS (EI): 310 (M+, Cl35), 312 (M+, Cl37); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15ClN2O (M+) 310.0873, found: 310.0864.
4-(2-Bromophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6g): White solid (142.7 mg, 80%), m.p. 271–273 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.63–7.57 (m, 2H), 7.49–7.39 (m, 2H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.27–7.16 (m, 3H), 7.16–7.11 (m, 1H), 5.54–5.38 (m, 1H), 2.75–2.64 (m, 1H), 2.59–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.22–2.01 (m, 1H), 1.81–1.58 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.15, 142.77, 135.53, 132.70, 130.12, 129.79, 128.72, 128.64, 128.22, 127.66, 127.55, 126.42, 121.95, 121.38, 107.18, 58.35, 27.55, 22.97. LRMS (EI): 354 (M+, Br79), 356 (M+, Br81); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15BrN2O (M+) 354.0368, found: 354.0366.
8-Methoxy-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6h): White solid (124.4 mg, 81%), m.p. 247–249 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39–7.30 (m, 4H), 7.30–7.23 (m, 2H), 6.82–6.67 (m, 2H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.75–2.63 (m, 1H), 2.60–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.15–2.03 (m, 1H), 1.80–1.68 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.66, 153.45, 144.37, 137.44, 128.57, 127.55, 127.50, 126.91, 122.59, 121.71, 113.81, 110.81, 105.43, 59.11, 55.10, 28.03, 23.50. LRMS (EI): 306 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C19H18N2O2 (M+) 306.1368, found: 306.1367.
9-Bromo-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6i): White solid (147.2 mg, 83%), m.p. 277–279 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.40–7.27 (m, 7H), 7.10 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 2.72–2.61 (m, 1H), 2.59–2.52 (m, 1H), 2.24–2.05 (m, 1H), 1.89–1.65 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.25, 143.94, 134.73, 131.04, 129.98, 129.48, 128.91, 128.68, 127.74, 126.95, 124.17, 119.62, 109.87, 59.06, 27.02, 23.40. LRMS (EI): 354 (M+, Br79), 356 (M+, Br81); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15BrN2O (M+) 354.0368, found: 354.0371.
9-Nitro-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-2(1H)-one (6j): White solid (141.1 mg, 88%), m.p. 319–321 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.48 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45–7.40 (m, 1H), 7.40–7.31 (m, 5H), 7.32–7.26 (m, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 2.84 (m, 1H), 2.77–2.64 (m, 1H), 2.27–2.14 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.18, 146.62, 143.71, 143.66, 130.27, 128.66, 127.74, 126.93, 126.78, 122.34, 116.19, 110.97, 58.94, 27.59, 22.92. LRMS (EI): 321 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C18H15N3O3 (M+) 321.1113, found: 321.1108.
4-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-indeno[1,2-d]pyrimidin-2(5H)-one (6k): White solid (114.3 mg, 87%), m.p. 269–270 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.45 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45–7.20 (m, 8H), 7.20–7.08 (m, 1H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 3.26 (d, J = 22.9 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (d, J = 22.8 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.38, 144.46, 142.76, 137.51, 134.82, 128.63, 127.42, 126.40, 126.23, 125.11, 123.95, 118.19, 112.24, 57.18, 34.66. LRMS (EI): 262 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C17H14N2O (M+) 262.1106, found: 262.1103.
4-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidin-2(5H)-one (6l): White solid (113.8 mg, 82%), m.p. 251–252 °C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.91 (s, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.43–7.27 (m, 5H), 7.24–7.14 (m, 1H), 7.00–6.90 (m, 1H), 6.83–6.75 (m, 1H), 4.98 (s, 1H), 4.74–4.68 (m, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ 153.48, 152.99, 143.11, 129.61, 128.78, 127.90, 126.76, 125.17, 121.97, 121.22, 117.40, 115.83, 101.30, 64.80, 56.08. LRMS (EI): 278 (M+); HRMS (EI) calcd. for C17H14N2O2 (M+) 278.1055, found: 278.1049.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have developed an efficient and practical approach to synthesize dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones through FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-catalyzed three-component cyclocondensation under microwave heating. This protocol features high yields, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity and easy work-up. These advantages demonstrate the great potential of this method for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones. More importantly, our ongoing research has revealed that the simple derivatives of compounds 4 or 6 are found to be potential EV71 3C protein inhibitors, which are worthy of further investigation for the development of medical therapies for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). We anticipate that these important heterocyclic compounds may find their potent pharmaceutical applications after further exploration.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Files (Copies of 1H and 13C-NMR spectra of compounds 4 and 6) are available online.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21602022), the Open Project Program of Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (No. ARRLKF15-01), Chengdu University New Faculty Start-up Funding (No. 2081915037) and the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department (No. 10Y201711).

Author Contributions

F.Z. conceived and designed the experiments; X.J., P.L., J.Z. and J.H. performed the experiments; F.Z. analyzed the data; H.L. and L.L. contributed reagents and materials; F.Z. wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 4 and 6 are available from the authors.
Table
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions a.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions a.
Molecules 22 01503 i076
EntryCatalystAdditiveSolventTimeYield (%) b
1 cFeCl3∙6H2O-CH3CN10 h38
2FeCl3∙6H2O-CH3CN2 h37
3ZnCl2-CH3CN2 htrace
4FeSO4∙7H2O-CH3CN2 htrace
5CuBr2-CH3CN2 h16
6AlCl3-CH3CN2 h18
7FeCl3∙6H2OBF3∙OEt2CH3CN2 h43
8FeCl3∙6H2OBBr3CH3CN2 h41
9FeCl3∙6H2OTMSOTfCH3CN2 h65
10FeCl3∙6H2OTMSClCH3CN2 h82
11FeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrCH3CN2 h88
12FeCl3∙6H2OTMSICH3CN2 h73
13FeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrToluene2 h44
14FeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrTHF2 h61
15FeCl3∙6H2OTMSBr1,4-Dioxane2 h71
16FeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrEtOH2 h84
17FeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrneat2 h52
18 cFeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrCH3CN8 h80
19 cFeCl3∙6H2OTMSBrCH3CN10 h87
a Unless noted, reactions were performed with 1a (0.5 mmol), 2a (0.5 mmol), 3a (0.75 mmol), catalyst (0.05 mmol) and additive (0.5 mmol) in CH3CN (3.0 mL) at 90 °C under microwave irradiation (sealed vessel at fixed power, 30 W); b Isolated yield; c Heated with oil bath; TMSOTf = Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, TMSCl = Chlorotrimethylsilane, TMSBr = Bromotrimethylsilane, TMSI = Iodotrimethylsilane.
Table
Table 2. FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr catalyzed synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones a.
Table 2. FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr catalyzed synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones a.
Molecules 22 01503 i077
EntryKetones (1)Benzaldehydes (2)Products (4)Yield (%) b
1 Molecules 22 01503 i001 Molecules 22 01503 i002 Molecules 22 01503 i00388
2 Molecules 22 01503 i004 Molecules 22 01503 i005 Molecules 22 01503 i00686
3 Molecules 22 01503 i007 Molecules 22 01503 i008 Molecules 22 01503 i00983
4 Molecules 22 01503 i010 Molecules 22 01503 i011 Molecules 22 01503 i01280
5 Molecules 22 01503 i013 Molecules 22 01503 i014 Molecules 22 01503 i01591
6 Molecules 22 01503 i016 Molecules 22 01503 i017 Molecules 22 01503 i01876
7 Molecules 22 01503 i019 Molecules 22 01503 i020 Molecules 22 01503 i02189
8 Molecules 22 01503 i022 Molecules 22 01503 i023 Molecules 22 01503 i02490
9 Molecules 22 01503 i025 Molecules 22 01503 i026 Molecules 22 01503 i02790
10 Molecules 22 01503 i028 Molecules 22 01503 i029 Molecules 22 01503 i03084
11 Molecules 22 01503 i031 Molecules 22 01503 i032 Molecules 22 01503 i03386
12 Molecules 22 01503 i034 Molecules 22 01503 i035 Molecules 22 01503 i03692
13 Molecules 22 01503 i037 Molecules 22 01503 i038 Molecules 22 01503 i03989
a Reaction conditions: 1 (0.5 mmol), 2 (0.5 mmol), 3a (0.75 mmol), FeCl3∙6H2O (0.05 mmol) and TMSBr (0.5 mmol) in CH3CN (3.0 mL) at 90 °C for 2 h under microwave irradiation (sealed vessel at fixed power, 30 W); b Isolated yield.
Table
Table 3. FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-catalyzed synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones a.
Table 3. FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-catalyzed synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones a.
Molecules 22 01503 i078
EntryKetones (1)Benzaldehydes (2)Products (6)Yield (%) b
1 Molecules 22 01503 i040 Molecules 22 01503 i041 Molecules 22 01503 i04290
2 Molecules 22 01503 i043 Molecules 22 01503 i044 Molecules 22 01503 i04586
3 Molecules 22 01503 i046 Molecules 22 01503 i047 Molecules 22 01503 i04891
4 Molecules 22 01503 i049 Molecules 22 01503 i050 Molecules 22 01503 i05184
5 Molecules 22 01503 i052 Molecules 22 01503 i053 Molecules 22 01503 i05482
6 Molecules 22 01503 i055 Molecules 22 01503 i056 Molecules 22 01503 i05790
7 Molecules 22 01503 i058 Molecules 22 01503 i059 Molecules 22 01503 i06080
8 Molecules 22 01503 i061 Molecules 22 01503 i062 Molecules 22 01503 i06381
9 Molecules 22 01503 i064 Molecules 22 01503 i065 Molecules 22 01503 i06683
10 Molecules 22 01503 i067 Molecules 22 01503 i068 Molecules 22 01503 i06988
11 Molecules 22 01503 i070 Molecules 22 01503 i071 Molecules 22 01503 i07287
12 Molecules 22 01503 i073 Molecules 22 01503 i074 Molecules 22 01503 i07582
a Reaction conditions: 1 (0.5 mmol), 2 (0.5 mmol), 5a (0.75 mmol), FeCl3∙6H2O (0.05 mmol) and TMSBr (0.5 mmol) in CH3CN (3.0 mL) at 90 °C for 2 h under microwave irradiation (sealed vessel at fixed power, 30 W); b Isolated yield.

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Zhao, F.; Jia, X.; Li, P.; Zhao, J.; Huang, J.; Li, H.; Li, L. FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones and Dihydropyrimidinethiones under Microwave Irradiation. Molecules 2017, 22, 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091503

AMA Style

Zhao F, Jia X, Li P, Zhao J, Huang J, Li H, Li L. FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones and Dihydropyrimidinethiones under Microwave Irradiation. Molecules. 2017; 22(9):1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091503

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Fei, Xiuwen Jia, Pinyi Li, Jingwei Zhao, Jun Huang, Honglian Li, and Lin Li. 2017. "FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones and Dihydropyrimidinethiones under Microwave Irradiation" Molecules 22, no. 9: 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091503

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