Lipid and Glycemic Profiles in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Cholesterol Levels Are Reduced in Mania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- To compare the lipid (i.e., total, LDL, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) and glycemic profiles (i.e., glucose) between patients affected by BD and a control sample of patients affected by schizophrenia.
- (2)
- To evaluate the differences in the lipid and glycemic profiles during the different mood episodes in patients affected by BD (i.e., depression, mania, and euthymia).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment and Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Comparison of Sociodemographic, Metabolic, and Pharmacological Parameters between Patients with BD and Schizophrenia
3.3. Serum Levels of Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides in Different Phases of Bipolar Disorder
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (N = 542) | |
Gender, N (%) | |
Male | 266 (49.1) |
Female | 276 (50.9) |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 52.62 ± 12.87 |
Marital status, single N (%) | 295 (54.4) |
Employment status, employed N (%) | 180 (33.2) |
Educational level (years), mean ± SD | 11.51 ± 3.45 |
Primary diagnosis, N (%) | |
Bipolar Disorder | 418 (77.1) |
Schizophrenia | 124 (22.9) |
Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, episode N (%) | |
Major depressive episode | 151 (26.4) |
(Hypo)manic episode | 143 (27.9) |
Euthymia | 63 (14.2) |
Missing data | 171 (31.5) |
Pharmacological Treatment (N = 479) | |
N of psychiatric medications, mean ± SD | 3.63 ± 1.18 |
Antidepressants, N (%) | 173 (36.1) |
Mood stabilizers, N (%) | |
Valproate | 179 (37.4) |
Lithium | 149 (31.1) |
Others | 98 (20.5) |
Antipsychotics, N (%) | 425 (88.7) |
Typical | 110 (23.0) |
Atypical | 372 (77.7) |
Long-acting injectable | 62 (12.9) |
Benzodiazepines, N (%) | 290 (60.5) |
Metabolic Parameters (N = 491) | |
Total cholesterol, mean ± SD | 185.23 ± 40.04 |
HDL cholesterol, mean ± SD | 48.60 ± 13.97 |
LDL cholesterol, mean ± SD | 110.70 ± 36.77 |
Triglycerides, mean ± SD | 130.19 ± 71.78 |
Glucose, mean ± SD | 96.52 ± 29.14 |
Bipolar Disorder (N = 418) | Schizophrenia (N = 124) | χ2/t | p | |
Gender (male), N (%) | 198 (47.4) | 68 (54.8) | 2.13 | 0.14 |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 52.37 ± 13.35 | 53.44 ± 11.12 | −0.81 | 0.42 |
Marital status, single N (%) | 215 (51.4) | 80 (64.5) | −4.53 | 0.02 |
Employment status, employed N (%) | 150 (35.9) | 30 (24.2) | 2.89 | 0.08 |
Educational level (years), mean ± SD | 11.83 ± 2.78 | 11.28 ± 4.18 | 0.62 | 0.32 |
Total cholesterol, mean ± SD (N = 444) | 183.52 ± 38.96 | 190.31 ± 42.85 | −1.63 | 0.10 |
HDL cholesterol, mean ± SD (N = 444) | 48.92 ± 14.03 | 47.64 ± 13.77 | 0.88 | 0.38 |
LDL cholesterol, mean ± SD (N = 444) | 108.91 ± 35.51 | 116.02 ± 39.96 | −1.87 | 0.06 |
Triglycerides, mean ± SD (N = 444) | 129.14 ± 71.02 | 133.27 ± 74.18 | −0.55 | 0.58 |
Glucose, mean ± SD (N = 444) | 96.40 ± 29.56 | 96.90 ± 27.85 | −0.17 | 0.87 |
Bipolar Disorder (N = 358) | Schizophrenia (N = 121) | χ2/t | p | |
N of psychiatric medications, mean ± SD | 3.80 ± 1.18 | 3.11 ± 0.98 | 5.83 | <0.001 |
Antidepressants, N (%) | 153 (42.7) | 20 (16.5) | 26.92 | <0.001 |
Mood stabilizers, N (%) | ||||
Valproate | 152 (42.5) | 27 (22.3) | 15.68 | <0.001 |
Lithium | 144 (40.2) | 5 (4.1) | 54.97 | <0.001 |
Others | 87 (24.3) | 11 (9.1) | 12.86 | <0.001 |
Antipsychotics, N (%) | 305 (85.2) | 120 (99.2) | 17.66 | <0.001 |
Typical | 62 (17.3) | 48 (39.7) | 25.54 | <0.001 |
Atypical | 279 (77.9) | 93 (76.9) | 0.06 | 0.806 |
Long-acting injectable | 23 (6.4) | 39 (32.2) | 53.45 | <0.001 |
Benzodiazepines, N (%) | 238 (66.5) | 52 (43.0) | 20.92 | <0.001 |
Mean ± SD | Major Depressive Episode (N = 138) | (Hypo)manic Episode (N = 122) | Euthymic Phase (N = 60) | t | p | Tukey’s Post-Hoc | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D vs. M | D vs. E | E vs. M | ||||||
Total cholesterol | 197.75 ± 39.87 | 167.66 ± 33.01 | 185.48 ± 39.90 | 21.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | N.S. | 0.008 |
HDL cholesterol | 49.54 ± 14.84 | 46.96 ± 12.91 | 52.18 ± 13.14 | 3.02 | 0.05 | N.S. | N.S. | 0.04 |
LDL cholesterol | 121.10 ± 38.41 | 96.79 ± 29.47 | 110.01 ± 35.01 | 15.99 | <0.001 | <0.001 | N.S. | 0.04 |
Triglycerides | 135.59 ± 71.79 | 119.56 ± 67.07 | 120.62 ± 66.59 | 2.03 | 0.13 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
Glucose | 97.04 ± 29.67 | 97.91 ± 32.29 | 98.05 ± 30.17 | 0.039 | 0.96 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
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Fusar-Poli, L.; Amerio, A.; Cimpoesu, P.; Natale, A.; Salvi, V.; Zappa, G.; Serafini, G.; Amore, M.; Aguglia, E.; Aguglia, A. Lipid and Glycemic Profiles in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Cholesterol Levels Are Reduced in Mania. Medicina 2021, 57, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010028
Fusar-Poli L, Amerio A, Cimpoesu P, Natale A, Salvi V, Zappa G, Serafini G, Amore M, Aguglia E, Aguglia A. Lipid and Glycemic Profiles in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Cholesterol Levels Are Reduced in Mania. Medicina. 2021; 57(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010028
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusar-Poli, Laura, Andrea Amerio, Patriciu Cimpoesu, Antimo Natale, Virginio Salvi, Guendalina Zappa, Gianluca Serafini, Mario Amore, Eugenio Aguglia, and Andrea Aguglia. 2021. "Lipid and Glycemic Profiles in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Cholesterol Levels Are Reduced in Mania" Medicina 57, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010028