Next Article in Journal
The Tumor Microenvironment Mediates the HIF-1α/PD-L1 Pathway to Promote Immune Escape in Colorectal Cancer
Previous Article in Journal
Targeting N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Previous Article in Special Issue
Baicalin Protects Broilers against Avian Coronavirus Infection via Regulating Respiratory Tract Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 25
Issue 7
10.3390/ijms25073734
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Design and Synthesis of New GS-6207 Subtypes for Targeting HIV-1 Capsid Protein

by
Thamina Akther
1,
William M. McFadden
2,
Huanchun Zhang
2,
Karen A. Kirby
2,
Stefan G. Sarafianos
2 and
Zhengqiang Wang
1,*
1
Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
2
Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073734
Submission received: 6 February 2024 / Revised: 8 March 2024 / Accepted: 22 March 2024 / Published: 27 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antiviral Drug Discovery)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) is the molecular target of the recently FDA-approved long acting injectable (LAI) drug lenacapavir (GS-6207). The quick emergence of CA mutations resistant to GS-6207 necessitates the design and synthesis of novel sub-chemotypes. We have conducted the structure-based design of two new sub-chemotypes combining the scaffold of GS-6207 and the N-terminal cap of PF74 analogs, the other important CA-targeting chemotype. The design was validated via induced-fit molecular docking. More importantly, we have worked out a general synthetic route to allow the modular synthesis of novel GS-6207 subtypes. Significantly, the desired stereochemistry of the skeleton C2 was confirmed via an X-ray crystal structure of the key synthetic intermediate 22a. Although the newly synthesized analogs did not show significant potency, our efforts herein will facilitate the future design and synthesis of novel subtypes with improved potency.

1. Introduction

The multifunctional capsid protein (CA) of HIV-1 has become an increasingly attractive target for developing novel antiviral drugs [1,2,3,4,5]. Although multiple small-molecule binding sites at both the N-terminal domain of CA (CANTD) and the C-terminal domain (CACTD) are known [6], the pocket used by host factors NUP153 [7,8], CPSF6 [9,10,11], and Sec24C [2,12] to facilitate nuclear entry and integration is particularly druggable. Notably, the two most prominent CA inhibitor types, represented by PF74 [11,13,14,15] (1) and GS-6207 [16,17] (2), both bind to this pocket to compete against NUP153, CPSF6 [10,11,18], and Sec24C [2,12] in addition to impacting the capsid stability. As a result, these CA binders confer potent antiviral phenotypes with dose-dependent multimodal mechanisms of action [15,16]. PF74 is a phenylalanine-derived peptidomimetic with an aniline cap at the C-terminus and an indole-3-acetic acid cap at the N-terminus (Figure 1A). Despite its potent and mechanistically interesting antiviral phenotypes, PF74 is not a viable antiviral lead due to the prohibitively low metabolic stability [19]. We have chemically profiled PF74 extensively with the synthesis of a large number of analogs [20], and along with others, have explored different PF74 subtypes for enhanced metabolic stability [6,19,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. GS-6207 (lenacapavir), on the other hand, is extraordinarily stable toward oxidative metabolism, presumably owing to its high fluorine content (Figure 1A). The unusually high metabolic stability, along with its exceptional antiviral potency, renders GS-6207 a landmark antiviral drug recently approved as an LAI [33]. However, CA mutations highly resistant to GS-6207 [34,35,36], particularly M66I, Q67H, K70R, and N74D, have been selected in vitro and in patients, suggesting that novel subtypes need to be designed and synthesized to curb resistance. Such endeavors are expected to be more challenging than those typically encountered in developing new subtypes due to the structural complexity of GS-6207 and its snug-fit binding into the presumed pocket. We report herein our efforts in the design and synthesis of two GS-6207 subtypes featuring the generic backbone of GS-6207 and the indole-acetic acid moiety of PF74 (Figure 1C).

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Design of Novel PF74/GS-6207 Molecular Hybrids 5 and 6

The design of the molecular hybrids is based on the shared binding mode of 1, PF74, and 2, GS-6207 (Figure 1B). Although vastly different in molecular complexity and functional group density, the two molecules bind to the same pocket at the interface of two adjacent CA promoters (CA1 and CA2). 2, GS-6207, is well superimposed with 1, PF74, through the backbone and the R2 and R3 moieties, with shared key molecular interactions in the N-terminal domain of CA1 (CA1NTD) and the C-terminal domain of the adjacent CA2 (CA2CTD) (Figure 1B). The additional interactions conferred by 2, GS-6207, with CA2NTD via the sulfone group of the R4 moiety and CA2CTD via the methanesulfonamide group of the R1 moiety likely contribute substantially to its superior potency over 1, PF74, and will be retained in our design. Interestingly, from our previous chemical profiling, 1, PF74 analog 3 showed a drastically improved potency (>27-fold) and superb capsid stabilizing effect, as indicated by a large positive shift in the thermal shift assay (TSA) [6]. Another PF74 analog 4, featuring a distinct indolone R3 moiety, displayed a highly unusual destabilizing effect (negative shift in TSA) [6]. An important aim of our redesign is to optimize both the stabilizer lead (3) and the destabilizer lead (4) through design and synthetic strategies aligned with improving the resistance profile of 2, GS-6207. Based on these, molecular hybrids 5 and 6 were designed, as shown in Figure 1C. To enhance the synthetic accessibility, the design also features a slightly simplified R1 moiety for both 5 and 6 and undefined stereochemistry in the indolone ring of hybrid 6. Finally, the newly designed hybrids will contain the R2 moiety of both 1, PF74 (R = H), and 2, GS-6270 (R = F). The main aim of this pilot design and synthesis is to develop a general and amenable synthesis to enable the future redesign and synthesis of structurally more elaborate subtypes of 2, GS-6207.

2.2. Molecular Docking Analysis

To computationally validate the design, we performed induced-fit molecular docking for all four analogs, 5a, 5b, 6a, and 6b, using the co-crystal structure of PF74-bound HIV-1 CA (PDB code: 4XFZ) [37]. A control docking was conducted with 2, GS-6207 (docked pose shown in Figure 1B). Overall, these newly designed analogs all docked well into the 2, GS-6207, binding site (Figure 2), with docking scores comparable to that of 2, GS-6207. Major molecular interactions observed include (1) H-bonds between the sulfonamide oxygen and the side chain of Ser41 (CA2NTD) and Asn57 (CA1NTD); (2) H-bonds between the side chain of Asn57 (CA1NTD) and both the ring-nitrogen atom of the core and the amide N−H of the inhibitor; (3) H-bonds between the methanesulfonamide and the side chains of Asn183 (CA2CTD), Gln179 (CA2CTD), Lys70 (CA1NTD), and Asn74 (CA1NTD); and (4) H-bond between the side chain of Lys70 (CA1NTD) and the carbonyl oxygen of the inhibitor. For the newly incorporated indole or indolone moiety (R3), the free NH forms an H-bond with the side chain Arg173 (CA2CTD, 6a), Gln63 (CA1NTD, 5a), and Thr54 (CA1NTD, 6b). In addition, the OH on the indole ring is H-bonded with the side chain Gln179 (CA2CTD, 6a), Leu172 (CA2CTD, 5a), and Gln63 (CA1NTD, 5b). These docking results indicate that most of the molecular interactions conferring high potency of 2, GS-6207, are retained in the newly designed hybrids.

2.3. Synthesis of Hybrids 5 and 6

The general synthetic approach is depicted in Figure 1D. The synthesis is highly modular based on four synthetic components (C1–C4) for installing R1–R4. C2 is the core with the proper functional group handles to allow the installation of R1, R4, and R3 via sequential reactions with C1 (Suzuki), C4 (Sonogashira), and C3 (amide coupling), respectively. This modular synthesis will support future synthetic needs of structural diversification in all four structure–activity relationship (SAR) regions (R1–R4), particularly the regions of R1, R4, and R3.
The synthetic route for the preparation of component C1 is shown in Scheme 1. MnO2 oxidation [38] of commercially available benzyl alcohol 11 afforded benzaldehyde intermediate 12. The subsequent conversion to nitrile 13 was effected via the standard method of oxime formation and dehydration [39]. The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction [40] at the F site by hydrazine followed by the cyclization reaction produced aminoindazole 14, which was subjected to the palladium-catalyzed borylation [41] with bis(catecholato)diboron to yield the representative C1, compound 7.
The synthesis of the core component C2 began with the commercially available 2,5-dibromopyridine 15 (Scheme 2). Deprotonative formylation [42] of 15 with TMPMgCl.LiCl in dry THF followed by the addition of DMF afforded aldehyde intermediate 16, which set the stage for the key asymmetric induction via a chiral auxiliary. The chiral auxiliary was introduced via condensation of aldehyde 16 with chiral non-racemic (S)- and (R)-tert-butanesulfinamides to produce (S)-tert-butanesulfinyl imine 17 and (R)-tert-butanesulfinyl imine 18, respectively (Scheme 2) [43].
Both auxiliaries were used to determine the preferred auxiliary/nucleophile combination for producing the desired stereochemical outcome (S) for C2 (8a and 8b). Specifically, in four different reactions shown in the table (Scheme 2), commercially available benzyl magnesium chloride 24 or (3,5-difluorobenzyl)zinc bromide 25 was used as the nucleophile to react with both sulfinylimines 17 and 18 to afford four pairs of diastereomers (19a/20a, 19b/20b, 21a/22a, and 21b/22b) in ratios of 1˗2 favoring the undesired diastereomers. From these experiments, it was clear that (R)-tert-butanesulfinyl imine 18 is preferred over the (S)-enantiomer 17 for inducing the desired (S) stereochemistry in C2 (8a and 8b). The structure and absolute stereochemistry of intermediate 22a were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (Figure 3). The crystal selected for the study has chirality at C1 S. The chains of hydrogen bonds are parallel to the a-axis through the …O-S-N-H… fragment (Figure 3). Deprotection of the sulfinamide under HCl yielded intermediates 23a,b, which were Boc-protected to afford compounds 8a,b as the core C2.
For this pilot design and synthesis, we used commercially available acids 9a,b as component C3. The component C4 (compound 10) was prepared in a single step as described in Scheme 3. S-alkylation of sodium methanesulfinate [44] (MeSO2Na) with commercially available chloride 26 yielded compound 10 (Scheme 3).
With all four components in hand, the overall modular synthesis was carried out based on the core component C2 (compounds 8a,b), as depicted in Scheme 4. The synthesis started with the Sonogashira coupling [45] of component C2 (compounds 8a,b) with component C4 (compound 10) to produce intermediates 27a,b. The subsequent Suzuki coupling [46] of 27a,b with component C1 (compounds 7) under the catalysis of Pd(dppf)2Cl2 afforded intermediates 28a,b. Protection of the free NH2 group in component C1 with mesylchloride gave bismesylated intermediates 29a,b, which upon Boc deprotection under TFA produced advanced intermediates 30a,b. Finally, the installation of component C3 was achieved under standard peptide coupling conditions with HATU as the coupling agent [47], followed by the removal of one mesyl group. As such, commercially available acids 9a,b were incorporated into final compounds 5a,b and 6a,b. The final compounds, 6a,b, were produced as a mixture of diastereomers, which were separated by silica gel column chromatography to afford the desired diastereomer. Following through the purification process, the final compounds 5a,b and 6a,b were successfully crystallized from isopropanol with higher purity.

2.4. Biological Analysis of Select Compounds

We tested compounds 5a, 5b, 6a, and 6b (using PF74 as a control) for their effect on the stability of covalently crosslinked HIV capsid (CA) hexamer. Of these compounds, 5b demonstrated a positive shift in the melting temperature of the CA hexamer, indicating some stabilization (Table 1). The other three compounds did not provide any stabilization of the CA hexamer. We further tested these four compounds in cell-based antiviral assays for the inhibition of HIV virus activity. Significant toxicity was visibly observed during the antiviral testing, suggesting that the compounds are cytotoxic. This made the EC50s values difficult to determine reliably (Table 1). Overall, the compounds did not exhibit much biological activity.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

All commercial chemicals were used as supplied unless indicated otherwise. Compounds were purified via flash chromatography using a Combiflash RF-200 (Teledyne ISCO, Lincoln, NE, USA) with RediSep columns (Teledyne ISCO, Lincoln, NE, USA) (silica) and indicated mobile phase. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 600 MHz (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) or Bruker 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). Diastereomeric ratio was determined by 1H NMR analysis. Mass data were acquired using an Agilent 6230 TOF LC/MS spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Compound purity analysis was performed using Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with an Eclipse C18 column (3.5 μm, 4.6 × 100 mm). HPLC conditions: flow rate, 1.0 mL/min; solvent A, 0.1% TFA in water; solvent B, 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile; gradient (B, %): 0–3 min (5–100), 3–11 min (100), 11–13 min (100–5). Determined purity was >85% for all final compounds.

3.1.1. Procedure for Synthesis of 12

To a solution of commercially available (3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)methanol (11, 40 g, 1.0 equiv.) in 92 mL of DCM, was added MnO2 (40 g, 1.05 equiv.) slowly under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 h at room temperature under an argon balloon. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite. The reaction mixture was washed by DCM five times. The combined organic layers were further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo to afford crude intermediate 12, 3-bromo-2-fluorobenzaldehyde as yellow solid (12, 4.34 g, 87%), which was directly used for the next step without further purification. Yield: 87%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.4, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.0, 133.0, 129.5, 129.4, 128.2, 128.1, 125.2, 125.2, 77.2, 59.3, 59.3. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C7H5BrFO [M+H]+ 202.9508, found: 202.9503.

3.1.2. Procedure for Synthesis of 13

To a solution of 3-bromo-2-fluorobenzaldehyde, (12, 49.25 g, 1.0 equiv.) was added acetic anhydride (52.5 g, 1.2 equiv.) and acetic acid (310.5 g) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was heated to about 45 °C, and hydroxyl amine hydrochloride (15.75 g) was added into the mixture. The reaction was heated at 75 °C and agitated for about 6 h until the reaction was complete. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the product was isolated from the reaction mixture by adding water at about 45 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then the slurry was filtered. The filtered cake was washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to yield 3-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile as yellow solid (13, 42.0 g, 71%), which was directly used for the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.62 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55–7.47 (m, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 207.4, 158.3, 143.6, 143.6, 134.7, 126.0, 126.0, 125.7, 125.3, 125.3, 121.6, 121.5, 109.9, 109.7, 77.2. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C7H3BrFNNa [M+Na]+ 221.9331, found: 221.9327.

3.1.3. Procedure for Synthesis of 14

To a solution of 3-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile (13, 42.0 g, 102 mmol) in isopropanol (100 mL) and water (30 mL) was added with hydrazine hydrate (20 wt% in water, 89 kg), and the mixture was heated to about 80 °C for about 4 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtered cake was washed with a mixture of isopropanol (500 mL) and water (2 × 200 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 7-bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine as brown oil (14, 32 g, 60%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.56 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.85 (ddd, J = 8.0, 6.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.7, 158.8, 156.3, 135.7, 135.7, 134.7, 125.7, 125.7, 125.3, 125.3, 123.3, 123.2, 109.8, 109.6, 77.2. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C7H7BrN3 [M+H]+ 211.9823, found: 211.9819.

3.1.4. Procedure for Synthesis of 7

To a solution of 7-bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine (14, 73 mg, 0.44 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) in 1,4-dioxane (2.20 mL) was added KOAc (86.65 mg, 1.77 mmol, 4.00 equiv.), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (168.10 mg, 1.32 mmol, 3.00 equiv.), and Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (15.50 mg, 0.044 mmol, 0.1 equiv.). The mixture was heated to about 110 °C overnight. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of iced water followed by EtOAc (∼100 mL) was added. The combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 2–15% Hexane/EtOAc to afford 7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-amine intermediate as yellowish solid (7, 42.00 mg, 50%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.56 (td, J = 7.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (ddd, J = 7.5, 5.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (s, 12H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.1, 163.6, 159.4, 136.2, 136.2, 132.6, 132.5, 132.5, 128.1, 128.1, 127.7, 127.6, 123.9, 123.8, 123.6, 123.6, 77.3, 75.1, 60.8, 60.7, 59.5, 59.4, 59.4, 59.3, 59.3, 59.1, 30.9, 25.0, 24.8, 24.6, 24.5, 20.9. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C13H19BrN3O2 [M+H]+ 338.1346, found: 338.1337.

3.1.5. Procedure for Synthesis of 16

To a stirred solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (15, 1 g, 1.0 equiv.) in dry THF (1.0 L), was added a nitrogen gas balloon. Separately, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride and lithium chloride complex (TMPMgCl.LiCI) (5.8 mL, 6.3 mmol) was added to a round bottom flask. The TMPMgCl.LiCl solution was agitated and cooled to about −20 °C. Then, compound 15 solution was added to the TMPMgCl.LiCl solution over about 30 min, maintaining a temperature below about −20 °C. Upon completing the addition, the flask was maintained at about −20 for about 1 h. A solution of dry-dimethylformamide (1.6 mL, 20 mmol) in THF (1.6 mL) was added to the mixture over about 30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for a further 15 min. and quenched by the addition of a solution of acetic acid (1.9 mL, 34 mmol) in water (10 mL) over about 30 min, maintaining a temperature of about 0 °C. To the flask was added isopropyl acetate (10 mL) and the mixture was allowed to room temperature for 30 min, the mixture was filtered through celite and rinsed with a mixture of isopropyl acetate (10 mL), saturated ammonium chloride and 0.2 M hydrochloric acid. The pH of the combined reaction mixture was adjusted to about 8–9 by the addition of a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was filtered a second time to remove magnesium salts and transferred to a separatory funnel. The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with isopropyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica gel using 0–70% Hexane/EtOAc to afford 3,6-dibromopicolinaldehyde intermediate as orange solid (16, 97.9 g, 56%).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.02 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 188.1, 150.2, 140.1, 131.8, 128.4, 118.9, 76.4. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C6H4BrNO [M+H]+ 263.8659, found: 263.8651.

3.1.6. Procedure for Synthesis of 17

To a stirred solution of 3,6-dibromopicolinaldehyde (16, 0.20 g, 0.38 mol, 1.00 equiv.) was added Cs2CO3 (0.29 g, 0.453 mmol), (S)-(+)-tert-butanesulfinamide (0.10 g, 0.415 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h in the same condition. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, DCM (∼100 mL) was added to extract. The combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 5–25% Hexane/EtOAc to afford (S)-N-((3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)methylene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide intermediate (17, 9.91 g, 76%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 151.2, 142.5, 141.1, 140.8, 140.4, 132.8, 129.4, 124.0, 119.9, 114.5, 77.2, 30.9. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C10H11Br2N2OS [M−H]− 364.8959, found 364.8953.

3.1.7. Procedure for Synthesis of 18

To a stirred solution of 3,6-dibromopicolinaldehyde (16, 0.20 g, 0.38 mol, 1.00 equiv.) was added Cs2CO3 (0.29 g, 0.453 mmol), (R)-(-)-tert-butanesulfinamide (0.11 g, 0.415 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h in the same condition. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, DCM (∼100 mL) was added for extraction. The combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 5–25% Hexane/EtOAc to afford (R)-N-((3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)methylene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide as yellow solid, 82.5 g (18, 60%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.80 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 206.9, 160.0, 149.6, 144.8, 143.9, 141.0, 132.8, 131.2, 128.4, 121.9, 77.3, 58.8, 58.6, 58.4, 32.3, 31.6, 31.2, 30.9, 24.2, 23.8, 22.9, 22.7, 21.6. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C10H11Br2N2OS [M−H]− 364.8959, found 364.8947.

3.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of 19a,b and 20a,b

To a solution of (S)-N-((3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)methylene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide intermediate (17, 11.41 g, 15.51 mol, 1.0 equiv.) in dry THF (150 mL) was added (3,5-difluorobenzyl)zinc bromide (25, 0.5 M in THF, 125 mL, 31.01 mmol) or benzyl magnesium chloride (24, 0.5 M in THF, 125 mL, 31.01 mmol) dropwise by additional funnel for about 30 min at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred at that temperature for 2 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl (~200 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (~200 mL), and then it was washed with water (~0.5 L) and then brine (~0.5 L). The organic solution was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica gel using 5–50% Hexane/EtOAc to afford methanesulfonamide intermediate (19a,b, 20a,b, 10.21 g, 65%).

3.2.1. (S)-N-((R)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (19a)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.1, 150.1, 149.8, 141.6, 140.7, 140.0, 139.7, 139.3, 138.8, 136.3, 129.7, 128.7, 128.4, 128.1, 127.9, 127.4, 127.3, 127.0, 126.8, 126.3, 125.6, 125.1, 124.9, 118.9, 76.3, 42.1, 36.9, 29.3, 29.3. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C17H20Br2N2OSNa [M+Na]+ 480.9561, found 480.9553.

3.2.2. (S)-N-((S)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (20a)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.55–7.40 (m, 1H), 7.19–7.07 (m, 1H), 3.56–3.46 (m, 3H), 2.92 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 10H). HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C17H20Br2N2OSNa [M+Na]+ 480.9561, found 480.9555.

3.2.3. (S)-N-((R)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (19b)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68–7.59 (m, 1H), 7.21–7.14 (m, 1H), 6.82 (h, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (tt, J = 9.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 3.93 (s, 1H), 3.01 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 1.31–1.29 (m, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.0, 163.9, 161.5, 161.4, 159.2, 155.8, 142.8, 140.6, 140.5, 140.4, 140.1, 128.4, 119.2, 112.5, 112.4, 112.3, 112.2, 102.4, 102.1, 101.9, 77.2, 53.6, 41.1, 41.1, 41.1. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C17H17Br2F2N2OS [M−H]− 492.9397, found 492.9381.3.5.4. (S)-N-((S)-1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (20b).
Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.32–7.26 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 5H), 6.88 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 4H), 1.01 (s, 9H). HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C17H17Br2 F2N2OS [M−H]− 492.9397, found 492.9390.

3.3. General Procedure for Synthesis of 21a,b and 22a,b

To a solution of (R)-N-((3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)methylene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (18, 11.41 g, 15.51 mol, 1.0 equiv.) in dry THF (150 mL) was added (3,5-difluorobenzyl)zinc bromide (25, 0.5 M in THF, 125 mL, 31.01 mmol) or Benzyl magnesium chloride (24, 0.5 M in THF, 125 mL, 31.01 mmol) dropwise by additional funnel for about 30 min at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred at that temperature for 2 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl (~200 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (~200 mL) and then was washed with water (~0.5 L), and then brine (~0.5 L). The organic solution was dried over Na2SO4; filtered, and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica gel using 5–50% Hexane/EtOAc to afford methanesulfonamide intermediate (21a,b and 22a,b, 28.36 g, 86%).

3.3.1. (R)-N-((R)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (21a)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.50 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33–7.19 (m, 1H), 7.17–7.12 (m, 3H), 7.03–6.99 (m, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.95–3.90 (m, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.04 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.9, 161.3, 158.4, 155.9, 155.0, 141.1, 128.8, 124.4, 111.9, 101.7, 101.4, 87.3, 85.5, 76.8, 58.0, 52.8, 35.2, 28.3, 24.8, 22.8. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C17H19Br2N2OS [M−H]− 456.9585, found 456.9576.

3.3.2. (R)-N-((S)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (22a)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H). HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C17H19Br2N2OS [M−H]− 456.9585, found 456.9578.

3.3.3. (R)-N-((R)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (21b)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.50 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.19–7.12 (m, 3H), 7.03–6.99 (m, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.12–5.04 (m, 1H), 4.77 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 9H). HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C17H17Br2F2N2OS [M−H]− 492.9397, found 492.9389.

3.3.4. (R)-N-((S)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (22b)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H). HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C17H17Br2F2N2OS [M−H]− 492.9397, found 492.9387.

3.4. General Procedure for Synthesis of 23a,b

To a solution of (S)-N-((S)-1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (20a, 6.62 g, 13.34 mol, 1.0 equiv.) or (S)-N-((S)-1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (22b, 6.62 g, 13.34 mol, 1.0 equiv.) in MeOH (30 mL) at 0 °C was added 4N HCl in EtOAc (7.50 mL) at room temperature for about 2 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was formed a thick slurry and filtered and washed with MeOH to get deprotected methanesulfonamide intermediate (23a,b, 6.05 g, 76%), which was used directly in the next step.

3.4.1. (S)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethan-1-amine (23a)

Yield: 76%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95–6.91 (m, 2H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 3.95 (s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 1H), 3.31 (dd, J = 13.8, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.26–3.19 (m, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 209.9, 154.9, 144.1, 140.2, 134.6, 130.3, 129.7, 129.2, 129.0, 127.9, 120.5, 54.1, 31.0, 25.6. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C13H13Br2N2 [M+H]+ 354.9445, found 354.9437.

3.4.2. (S)-1-(3,6-Dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethan-1-amine (23b)

Yield: 76%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.65 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (dd, J = 28.3, 7.9 Hz, 3H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.33 (dd, J = 13.4, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.2, 164.1, 161.7, 161.6, 153.9, 143.0, 140.3, 137.9, 137.8, 137.7, 129.7, 120.0, 113.1, 113.0, 112.9, 112.8, 103.3, 103.1, 102.8, 77.2, 54.5, 53.9, 39.0, 31.6, 25.1, 23.8. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C13H11Br2F2N2 [M+H]+ 390.9257, found 390.9248.

3.5. General Procedure for Synthesis of 8a,b

To a solution of (S)-1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethan-1-amine (23a, 6.30 g, 0.12 mol, 1.0 equiv.) or (S)-1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethan-1-amine (18b, 6.00 g, 0.12 mol, 1.0 equiv.) in DCM (100 mL) at room temperature was added triethylamine (3.7 mL, 26.68 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (3.5 g, 16.01 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, diluted with ethyl acetate, then the combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 10–80% hexane/EtOAc to afford boc group protected methanesulfonamide intermediate (8a,b, 6.00 g, 80%).

3.5.1. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (8a)

Yield: 80%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.66–7.55 (m, 1H), 7.37–7.28 (m, 1H), 7.24–7.18 (m, 1H), 7.17–7.08 (m, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 4.94 (dd, J = 12.7, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.79–4.71 (m, 1H), 3.25–3.10 (m, 1H), 3.02–2.92 (m, 1H), 1.23 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.2, 151.2, 142.7, 141.1, 140.2, 136.3, 129.8, 128.7, 127.0, 126.6, 119.4, 78.5, 75.1, 60.4, 55.5, 24.9. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C18H21Br2N2O2 [M+H]+ 454.9970, found 454.9961.

3.5.2. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)carbamate (8b)

Yield: 80%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74–7.62 (m, 1H), 7.47–7.40 (m, 1H), 6.91–6.84 (m, 2H), 5.70–5.48 (m, 2H), 3.41 (s, 0H), 3.16–2.85 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.1, 163.9, 161.6, 161.5, 158.9, 154.9, 142.7, 140.7, 140.6, 140.5, 140.2, 128.4, 119.0, 112.5, 112.5, 112.4, 112.3, 102.4, 102.2, 101.9, 79.9, 77.2, 65.7, 57.1, 54.1, 41.5, 28.5, 28.3, 27.4, 21.6, 15.8. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C18H18Br2F2N2O2Na [M+Na]+ 514.9575, found 514.9578.

3.6. Procedure for Synthesis of 21

To a solution of MeSO2Na (26, 6 g, 29.26 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMF (100 mL) was added copper(I) chloride (0.48 g, 2.4 mmol) slowly. The reaction mixture was heated to 40 °C and maintained at that temperature for 18 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc to remove unreacted starting material. The aqueous layer was acidified with 0.5 M citric acid and followed by 1 N NaOH. The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine (1.0 L); dried over Na2SO4; filtered and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 0–5% Hexane/EtOAc to afford 3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yne (21, 2.92 g, 41%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.58 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.2, 70.2, 58.0, 54.5, 35.3, 25.5, 23.7, 22.6. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C6H10O2SNa [M+Na]+ 169.0294, found 169.0289.

3.7. General Procedure for Synthesis of 27a,b

To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (8a, 0.80 g, 0.813 mmol 1.0 equiv.) or tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3,6-dibromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)carbamate (8b, 0.80 g, 0.813 mmol 1.0 equiv.), 3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yne (10, 0.286 g, 0.975 mmol), in DMF (10 mL) was added triethyl amine (0.70 mL, 2.44 mmol). At the room temperature, Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride (70 mg, 0.0406 mmol) and copper(I) iodide (15.45 mg, 0.0406 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture and was stirred at room temperature for another 6 h. Upon completion, confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc to remove unreacted starting material. The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine; dried over Na2SO4; filtered and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 20–50% Hexane/EtOAc to afford carbamate intermediate (27a,b, 0.59 g, 65%).

3.7.1. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-bromo-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (27a)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 18.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 3H), 5.69 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 3.11 (s, 4H), 2.90 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (s, 6H), 1.55 (s, 5H), 1.41 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 189.3, 160.0, 149.6, 148.9, 144.8, 143.9, 141.1, 141.0, 132.8, 131.2, 122.0, 77.2, 58.6, 31.6, 24.5, 22.8. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C24H28BrN2O4S [M−H]− 521.1031, found 521.1028.

3.7.2. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-bromo-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)carbamate (27b)

Yield: 65%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.81 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 3H), 2.93–2.87 (m, 1H), 1.80 (s, 7H), 1.56 (s, 9H), 1.43 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 8H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.0, 161.6, 159.0, 155.0, 142.7, 140.6, 140.2, 128.4, 119.1, 112.5, 112.5, 112.4, 112.3, 102.4, 102.2, 101.9, 79.9, 77.2, 54.1, 45.8, 41.5, 28.3, 8.7. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C24H26BrF2N2O4S [M−H]− 555.0763, found 555.0757.

3.8. General Procedure for Synthesis of 28a,b

To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-bromo-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (27a, 228 g, 0.21 mmol) or tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-bromo-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)carbamate (27b, 228 g, 0.21 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and water (0.4 mL) were added [1,1′bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (35.0 mg, 0.0205 mmol), potassium carbonate (170.0 mg, 1.35 mmol) and 7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-amine (7, 200 mg, 0.266 mmol) at room temperature. The red solution was stirred in a heated condition at 110 °C for about 4 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was dissolved in EtOAc for extraction. The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine; dried over Na2SO4; filtered and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 40–90% Hexane/EtOAc to afford the desired intermediate (28a,b, 0.10 g, 51%).

3.8.1. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-(3-amino-1H-indazol-7-yl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (28a)

Yield: 61%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.56–7.46 (m, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.03–6.89 (m, 1H), 6.51 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.15 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 4.94–4.70 (m, 7H), 4.56 (s, 1H), 4.12 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.84–2.66 (m, 2H), 2.01–1.95 (m, 8H), 1.41 (s, 9H). HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C31H34N5O4S [M−H]− 572.2332, found 572.2326.

3.8.2. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-(3-amino-1H-indazol-7-yl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)carbamate (28b)

Yield: 61%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.70–7.64 (m, 2H), 7.55 (td, J = 7.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49–7.40 (m, 4H), 7.24 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 2H), 5.65 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 1.84 (s, 7H), 1.24 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.1, 164.0, 161.6, 161.5, 159.0, 154.9, 142.7, 140.7, 140.6, 140.5, 140.2, 128.4, 119.0, 112.5, 112.5, 112.4, 112.3, 102.4, 102.2, 101.9, 79.9, 77.2, 65.7, 57.1, 54.1, 41.5, 28.5, 28.3, 27.4, 21.6, 15.8. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C31H32F2N5O4S [M−H]− 608.2143, found 608.2137.

3.9. General Procedure for Synthesis of 29a,b

To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-(3-amino-1H-indazol-7-yl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (28a, 0.10 g, 0.14 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) or tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-(3-amino-1H-indazol-7-yl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)carbamate (28b, 0.1 g, 0.14 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in 3 mL of DCM and triethylamine (80 μL, 0.0486 mmol) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.2 g, 1.05 equiv.), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica get using 15–35% EtOAc/Hexane to afford desired intermediate as yellow solid (29a,b, 3.34 g, 73%).

3.9.1. Tert-butyl (S)-(1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(N-(methylsulfonyl)methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (29a)

Yield: 73%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.60 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17–6.99 (m, 5H), 6.92–6.84 (m, 1H), 5.55 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (dd, J = 28.7, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.78–3.55 (m, 1H), 3.11 (dd, J = 13.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (dd, J = 13.5, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 1.56–1.43 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.8, 155.0, 144.4, 143.2, 142. 6, 142.1, 140.0, 136.6, 135.8, 132. 8, 132.4, 132.1, 132.0, 129.9, 129.6, 129.3, 129.3, 129.2, 129.2, 129.1, 128.8, 128.7, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 127.0, 126.6, 126.4, 123.8, 119.2, 114.6, 82.3, 79.7, 68.7, 54.5, 41.7, 41.5, 41.0, 28.6, 28.3, 27.8, 27.5, 22.4. HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C33H40N5O8S3 [M+H]+ 730.2039, found 730.2035.

3.9.2. Tert-butyl (S)-(2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(N-(methylsulfonyl)methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate (29b)

Yield: 73%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.59 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (qd, J = 7.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.65–3.57 (m, 3H), 3.57–3.50 (m, 4H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.14–3.07 (m, 4H), 2.86 (s, 1H), 2.76 (t, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (s, 6H), 1.39 (s, 7H). HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C33H38F2N5O8S3 [M+H]+ 766.1852, found 766.1845.

3.10. General Procedure for Synthesis of 30a,b

To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(N-(methylsulfonyl)methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)carbamate (29a, 0.10 g, 0.113 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) or tert-butyl (S)-(2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(N-(methylsulfonyl)methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate (29b, 0.10 g, 0.113 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in 5 mL of dichloromethane was added Trifluoroacetic acid (2.5 mL, 7.7 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was carefully neutralized to about pH 7 with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to afford desired intermediate as yellow oil (30a,b, 2.51 g, 50–51%).

3.10.1. (S)-N-(7-(2-(1-Amino-2-phenylethyl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)-N-(methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (30a)

Yield: 51%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 7H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 3.30 (s, 4H), 3.17 (q, J = 4.7 Hz, 8H), 3.04 (s, 1H), 1.83 (s, 6H), 1.44 (s, 6H). HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C28H32N5O6S3 [M+H]+ 630.1516, found 630.1510.

3.10.2. (S)-N-(7-(2-(1-Amino-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)-N-(methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (30b)

Yield: 51%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 4.44 (s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 3.30 (s, 4H), 3.17 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 7H), 3.04 (s, 1H), 1.83 (s, 4H), 1.44 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.3, 164.2, 164.0, 161.8, 161.7, 161.6, 158.6, 157.3, 156.1, 141.6, 141.4, 130.4, 130.4, 130.3, 129.3, 128.9, 128.9, 128.8, 128.7, 128.6, 127.8, 124.8, 123.7, 123.7, 123.6, 123.3, 123.3, 123.2, 123.1, 112.1, 111.8, 111.6, 101.8, 101.5, 101.3, 74.5, 64.1, 57.8, 57.5, 38.6, 34.2, 34.1, 33.9, 23.6, 21.7. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C28H29F2N5O6S3 [M−H]− 664.1170, found 664.1164.

3.11. General Procedure for Synthesis of 5a,b and 6a,b

To a solution of desired acid (0.45 g, 14.7 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in 2 mL of DMF was added HATU (0.51 g, 0.13 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) at 0 °C, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Followed by addition of a solution of amine intermediate, (S)-N-(7-(2-(1-amino-2-phenylethyl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)-N-(methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (30a, 0.30 g, 1.0 equiv.) or (S)-N-(7-(2-(1-amino-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)-N-(methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (30b, 0.30 g, 1.0 equiv.) in 1 mL DMF and DIPEA (0.51 mL, 32.71 mmol, 3.0 equiv.). The reaction mixture was then slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 12 h. To the reaction mixture was added a solution of ammonia in MeOH (2 M, 10 mL), and the mixture was then stirred for 10 min. Upon completion, as confirmed by TLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water, and extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with aq 1 M HCl solution. The combined organic layer was further washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Combi-flash on silica gel using 20–100% DCM/MeOH with 0.1% TFA to remove some impurities. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the fractions containing each diastereomer were combined and back extracted with EtOAc, dried, and concentrated to afford the final compounds.

3.11.1. 2-(4,7-Dimethyl-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)-N-((S)-1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)acetamide (6a)

Yield: 41%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.65 (dd, J = 12.1, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48–7.43 (m, 7H), 7.41–7.36 (m, 2H), 7.26 (h, J = 7.7 Hz, 4H), 6.93 (dt, J = 16.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 3H), 4.80 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 3.25–3.12 (m, 1H), 2.81 (s, 2H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.63 (s, 4H), 1.33–1.19 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, MeOD) δ 158.6, 158.6, 157.9, 156.1, 156.1, 155.4, 141.2, 133.9, 131.8, 131.6, 130.4, 130.4, 130.4, 128.9, 128.9, 128.9, 128.7, 128.7, 128.6, 128.6, 125.6, 125. 6, 125.2, 125.2, 123.7, 123.7, 123.7, 123.3, 123.3, 123.2, 123.2, 122.5, 122.5, 122.4, 122.4, 109.0, 108.8, 57.6, 57.6, 57.5, 48.1, 47.9, 47.9, 47.7, 47.7, 47.5, 47.5, 47.2, 47.0. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C39H39N6O6S2 [M−H]− 751.2373, found 751.2367.

3.11.2. N-((S)-2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-2-(4,7-dimethyl-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)acetamide (6b)

Yield: 41%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.81 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 0H), 7.65 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.19 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79–4.68 (m, 1H), 4.58–4.46 (m, 1H), 3.58 (d, J = 13.8 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (s, 1H), 3.04 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 5H), 2.58 (s, 6H), 1.69 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 1H), 1.30 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, MeOD) δ 184.3, 184.2, 175.5, 173.3, 172.7, 172.3, 170.0, 155.4, 144.7, 144.6, 138.2, 136.7, 136.3, 136.1, 134.8, 134.5, 134.3, 134.2, 134.2, 129.4, 129.3, 128.1, 125.2, 124.9, 120.7, 120.7, 96.8, 79.5, 79.4, 79.3, 64.1, 53.1, 52.9, 52.2, 52.0, 51.8, 51.6, 51.4, 51.2, 50.9, 49.5, 49.2, 46.2, 44.2, 43.8, 43.1, 43.1, 42.5, 41.5, 41.2, 39.0, 38.8, 38.5, 33.3, 33.3, 28.7, 27.2, 26.9, 26.8, 23.9, 23.8, 23.7, 23.6, 23. 5, 23.4, 23.2, 23.1, 23.1, 22.9, 21. 9, 20.1, 20.1, 20.0, 19.9, 19.8, 19.4, 18.9, 17.5, 17.1. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C39H37F2N6O6S2 [M−H]− 787.2182, found 787.2178.

3.11.3. (S)-2-(5-Hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl)acetamide (5a)

Yield: 41%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.62 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (dd, J = 19.9, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 4H), 7.36–7.30 (m, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 3H), 7.19–7.10 (m, 3H), 7.06 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.95–6.86 (m, 1H), 6.74 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (s, 6H), 4.11 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 1H), 3.01 (s, 1H), 1.85–1.72 (m, 1H), 1.66 (s, 2H), 1.35–1.17 (m, 3H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, MeOD) δ 159.4, 159.0, 158.6, 157.7, 156.9, 156.47, 156.1, 155.29, 151.4, 151.3, 151.3, 139.7, 139.6, 135.2, 134.8, 132.4, 132.3, 132.1, 132.0, 131.9, 131.9, 131.6, 131.6, 130.8, 130.7, 130.4, 130.4, 130.4, 130.3, 130.2, 129.2, 129.1, 129.1, 128.9, 128.9, 128.9, 128.8, 128.7, 127.5, 127.4, 125.8, 125.6, 125.5, 125.3, 125.2, 125.1, 125.0, 124.2, 124.1, 124.1, 124.0, 123.9, 123.9, 123.8, 123.8, 123.7, 123.7, 123.7, 123.4, 123.3, 121.0, 108.8, 108.0, 77.9, 76.1, 76.0, 75.9, 69.3, 57.8, 38.8, 36.8, 34.2, 31. 7, 29.4, 23.7, 21.4. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C37H35N6O6S2 [M−H]− 723.2060, found 723.2054.

3.11.4. (S)-N-(2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-(6-(3-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)but-1-yn-1-yl)-3-(3-(methylsulfonamido)-1H-indazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide (5b)

Yield: 41%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.49 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 4H), 7.21 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.72 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.56 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (d, J = 13.8 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (p, J = 1.6 Hz, 6H), 2.92 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.71 (s, 7H), 1.14 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.05 (s, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 167.5, 164.2, 161.8, 158.6, 157.3, 155.6, 148.6, 141.4, 131.7, 130.4, 130.4, 128.9, 128.8, 128.7, 124.1, 123.7, 123.3, 116.5, 111.8, 101.8, 101.5, 90.5, 84.9, 78.2, 77. 9, 77. 6, 64.1, 57. 8, 57.5, 54.3, 34.1, 31.7, 29.4, 23.6, 21.7, 21.1. HRMS (ESI-) m/z calcd for C37H33F2N6O6S2 [M−H]− 759.1869, found 759.1862.

3.12. Modeling and Docking Analysis

Molecular modeling was performed using the Schrödinger small molecule drug discovery suite 2021-3 (Schrödinger Inc., New York, NY, USA) [48]. We analyzed PF74-bound full length native HIV-1 CA (PDB ID: 4XFZ) by using Maestro (Schrödinger Inc.) [49]. Standard docking protocols were following protein preparation, grid generation, ligand preparation, and molecular docking. Protein preparation conducted by using the Protein preparation wizard (Schrödinger Inc.) [50] and involved the refinement of the protein structure. By using prime, the missing hydrogen atoms, side chains, and loops were refined into the protein. The OPLS3e force field was used to minimize the hydrogen bonding network and readjusting the heavy atoms to a rmsd of 0.3 Å [51]. The receptor grid generation tool in Maestro (Schrödinger Inc.) was utilized to standardize the binding site around the native ligand, surrounding all the key residues within the range of 12 Å. After sketching ligands in Maestro 2D Sketch tab, different conformers were generated in LigPrep [52] at pH of 7 ± 2 to serve as initial step for docking process. Finally, docking was conducted using the Glide XP (Glide, version 8.2, New York, NY, USA) [53] with a command as the van der Waals radii of nonpolar atoms for each of the ligands fixed by a factor of 0.8. After docking refinement and minimization, protein flexibility was also regarded under implicit solvent. All docked poses were subjected to analysis to cut off a small number of poses within the field of the receptor and binding pocket to generate better desired poses. Each docked pose was furtherance and presented in publication format using PyMOL (SchrodingerLLC) [54]. The numbering of residues of HIV-1 CA used in this paper for description was based on the full-length native HIV-1 CA.

3.13. Thermal Shift Assays (TSAs)

TSAs used purified covalently crosslinked hexameric CAA14C/E45C/W184A/M185A (CA121). CA121, cloned in a pET11a expression plasmid, was kindly provided by Dr. Owen Pornillos (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA). CA121 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)RIL and purified according to reported protocols [55]. The TSAs were performed as previously described [56,57,58], with each reaction containing 7.5 µmol/L CA121 in 50 mmol/L sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 1× Sypro Orange Protein Gel Stain (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and either 1% DMSO (control) or 20 µmol/L compound (1% DMSO final). The plate was heated from 25 to 95 °C with a heating rate of 0.2 °C every 10 s in the QuantStudio 3 Real-Time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The fluorescence intensity was measured with an Ex range of 475–500 nm and an Em range of 520–590 nm. The differences in the melting temperature (ΔTm) of CA121 in DMSO (T0) verses in the presence of compound (Tm) were calculated using the following Equation (1):
ΔTm (°C) = Tm − T0

3.14. Virus Production

The wild-type laboratory HIV-1 strain, HIV-1NL4-3 [59], was produced using a pNL4-3 vector (NIH AIDS Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). HIV-1NL4-3 was generated by transfecting HEK 293FT cells with 10 µg of pNL4-3 vector and FuGENE®HD Transfection Reagent (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) in a T75 flask. The supernatant was harvested 48–72 h post-transfection and transferred to MT2 cells for viral propagation. The virus was harvested upon observation of syncytia formation, typically after 3–5 days. The viral supernatant was then concentrated using 8% w/v PEG 8000 overnight at 4 °C, followed by centrifugation for 40 min at 3500 rpm. The resulting viral-containing pellet was concentrated 10-fold by resuspension in DMEM without FBS and stored at −80 °C.

3.15. Anti-HIV-1 Assays

The anti-HIV-1 activity of compounds was examined in TZM-GFP cells. The potency of HIV-1 inhibition was determined based on the inhibition of viral LTR-activated GFP expression in the presence of compounds compared to DMSO controls. Briefly, TZM-GFP cells were plated at a density of 1 × 104 cells per well in a 96-well plate. After 24 h, media was replaced with increasing concentrations of compound. Cells were exposed to HIV-1NL4-3 (MOI = 1) 24 h post treatment. After 48 h incubation, anti-HIV-1 activity was determined by counting the amount of GFP-positive cells on a CytationTM 5 Imaging Reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA), and 50% effective concentration (EC50) values were determined. All cell-based assays were conducted in duplicate and in at least two independent experiments. Final values were calculated for each independent assay, and average values for all assays were calculated. Cells were observed periodically by microscope during the antiviral assays, and cell apoptosis was observed during the course of the assays, suggesting significant cytotoxicity effects from the compounds.

4. Conclusions

Based on the shared binding modes of 1, PF74, and 2, GS-6207, and necessitated by the need for novel sub-chemotypes of 2, GS-6207, we have designed and synthesized molecular hybrids 5a,b and 6a,b, featuring the 1, PF74, R3 moiety and R1 and R4 moieties of 2, GS-6207. Per the induced-fit molecular docking, all four analogs bind to the CA-CA interface favorably. Synthetically, the newly designed analogs were constructed via a modular synthesis from the core component, C2, and the other three components, C1, C3, and C4, using highly reliable synthetic procedures. Although the current analogs only showed weak activities, the design and synthesis described herein contribute significantly to developing novel sub-chemotypes of 2, GS-6207. The modular synthesis, in particular, can be adapted for synthesizing further designed analogs.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms25073734/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.G.S. and Z.W.; methodology, T.A.; validation, T.A.; formal analysis, T.A., W.M.M., H.Z. and Z.W.; investigation, T.A., W.M.M., H.Z. and Z.W.; resources, K.A.K., S.G.S. and Z.W.; data curation, T.A.; writing—original draft preparation, T.A. and Z.W.; writing—review and editing, T.A., K.A.K., S.G.S. and Z.W.; visualization, T.A. and K.A.K.; supervision, S.G.S. and Z.W.; project administration, K.A.K., S.G.S. and Z.W.; funding acquisition, S.G.S. and Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01AI120860 to S.G.S. and Z.W., and U54AI170855, P30AI050409 to S.G.S.).

Data Availability Statement

The data produced from the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The original 1H and 13C NMR spectra for all synthetic compounds; the X-ray data of compound 22a; HPLC method and traces for final compounds 5a,b and 6a,b (Figures S1–S36).

Acknowledgments

We thank the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute at the University of Minnesota for molecular modeling resources.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Abbreviations

HIVHuman immunodeficiency virus
CACapsid protein
CPSF6Cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 6
CANTDCA N-terminal domain
CACTDCA C-terminal domain
SARStructure–activity relationship
HATU1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo [4,5-b]pyridinium3-oxid hexafluorophosphate
TSAThermal shift assay
EtOAcEthyl acetate
MeOHMethanol
EtOHEthanol
DCMDichloromethane
DMFN, N-Dimethylformamide
THFTetrahydrofuran
MeCNAcetonitrile
IPAIsopropyl alcohol
MnO2Manganese dioxide
H2NOH.H2OHydroxylamine
Ac2OAcetic anhydride
AcOHAcetic acid
H2NNH2.H2OHydrazine hydrate
B2Pin24,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane
(Boc)2ODi-tert-butyl pyrocarbonate
KOAcPotassium acetate
NH4ClAmmonium chloride
NaOHSodium hydroxide
Cs2CO3Cesium carbonate
K2CO3Potassium carbonate
Na2SO4Sodium sulfate
HClHydrogen chloride
TFATrifluoroacetic acid
TEATriethylamine
DIPEAN, N-Diisopropylethylamine
Pd(PPh3)2Cl2Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride
Cu(I)ClCopper(I) chloride
Cu(I)ICopper(I) iodide
TMPMgCl.LiCI2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride, lithium chloride complex
Pd(dppf)2Cl2[1,1′bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)
MeSO2NaSodium methanesulfonate
i-Pr2NEtN, N-Diisopropylethylamine

References

  1. Ding, D.; Xu, S.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, X.; Cocklin, S.; Dick, A.; Zhan, P.; Liu, X. The discovery and design of novel HIV-1 capsid modulators and future perspectives. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2023, 18, 5–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. McFadden, W.M.; Snyder, A.A.; Kirby, K.A.; Tedbury, P.R.; Raj, M.; Wang, Z.; Sarafianos, S.G. Rotten to the core: Antivirals targeting the HIV-1 capsid core. Retrovirology 2021, 18, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Cevik, M.; Orkin, C. Insights into HIV-1 capsid inhibitors in preclinical and early clinical development as antiretroviral agents. Expert Opin. Inv. Drug 2019, 28, 1021–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Thenin-Houssier, S.; Valente, S.T. HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors as Antiretroviral Agents. Curr. HIV Res. 2016, 14, 270–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Carnes, S.K.; Sheehan, J.H.; Aiken, C. Inhibitors of the HIV-1 capsid, a target of opportunity. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 2018, 13, 359–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Wang, L.; Casey, M.C.; Vernekar, S.K.V.; Sahani, R.L.; Kankanala, J.; Kirby, K.A.; Du, H.; Hachiya, A.; Zhang, H.; Tedbury, P.R.; et al. Novel HIV-1 capsid-targeting small molecules of the PF74 binding site. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 204, 112626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Buffone, C.; Martinez-Lopez, A.; Fricke, T.; Opp, S.; Severgnini, M.; Cifola, I.; Petiti, L.; Frabetti, S.; Skorupka, K.; Zadrozny, K.K.; et al. Nup153 Unlocks the Nuclear Pore Complex for HIV-1 Nuclear Translocation in Nondividing Cells. J. Virol. 2018, 92, e00648-18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Matreyek, K.A.; Yucel, S.S.; Li, X.; Engelman, A. Nucleoporin NUP153 phenylalanine-glycine motifs engage a common binding pocket within the HIV-1 capsid protein to mediate lentiviral infectivity. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9, e1003693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Achuthan, V.; Perreira, J.M.; Sowd, G.A.; Puray-Chavez, M.; McDougall, W.M.; Paulucci-Holthauzen, A.; Wu, X.; Fadel, H.J.; Poeschla, E.M.; Multani, A.S.; et al. Capsid-CPSF6 Interaction Licenses Nuclear HIV-1 Trafficking to Sites of Viral DNA Integration. Cell Host Microbe 2018, 24, 392–404.e398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Bejarano, D.A.; Peng, K.; Laketa, V.; Borner, K.; Jost, K.L.; Lucic, B.; Glass, B.; Lusic, M.; Mueller, B.; Krausslich, H.G. HIV-1 nuclear import in macrophages is regulated by CPSF6-capsid interactions at the nuclear pore complex. Elife 2019, 8, e41800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Bhattacharya, A.; Alam, S.L.; Fricke, T.; Zadrozny, K.; Sedzicki, J.; Taylor, A.B.; Demeler, B.; Pornillos, O.; Ganser-Pornillos, B.K.; Diaz-Griffero, F.; et al. Structural basis of HIV-1 capsid recognition by PF74 and CPSF6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 18625–18630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Rebensburg, S.V.; Wei, G.C.; Larue, R.C.; Lindenberger, J.; Francis, A.C.; Annamalai, A.S.; Morrison, J.; Shkriabai, N.; Huang, S.W.; KewalRamani, V.; et al. Sec24C is an HIV-1 host dependency factor crucial for virus replication. Nat. Microbiol. 2021, 6, 435–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Shi, J.; Zhou, J.; Shah, V.B.; Aiken, C.; Whitby, K. Small-molecule inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by virus capsid destabilization. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 542–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Rankovic, S.; Ramalho, R.; Aiken, C.; Rousso, I. PF74 Reinforces the HIV-1 Capsid To Impair Reverse Transcription-Induced Uncoating. J. Virol. 2018, 92, e00845-18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Saito, A.; Ferhadian, D.; Sowd, G.A.; Serrao, E.; Shi, J.; Halambage, U.D.; Teng, S.; Soto, J.; Siddiqui, M.A.; Engelman, A.N.; et al. Roles of Capsid-Interacting Host Factors in Multimodal Inhibition of HIV-1 by PF74. J. Virol. 2016, 90, 5808–5823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Link, J.O.; Rhee, M.S.; Tse, W.C.; Zheng, J.; Somoza, J.R.; Rowe, W.; Begley, R.; Chiu, A.; Mulato, A.; Hansen, D.; et al. Clinical targeting of HIV capsid protein with a long-acting small molecule. Nature 2020, 584, 614–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Bester, S.M.; Wei, G.C.; Zhao, H.Y.; Adu-Ampratwum, D.; Iqbal, N.; Courouble, V.V.; Francis, A.C.; Annamalai, A.S.; Singh, P.K.; Shkriabai, N.; et al. Structural and mechanistic bases for a potent HIV-1 capsid inhibitor. Science 2020, 370, 360–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Price, A.J.; Jacques, D.A.; McEwan, W.A.; Fletcher, A.J.; Essig, S.; Chin, J.W.; Halambage, U.D.; Aiken, C.; James, L.C. Host cofactors and pharmacologic ligands share an essential interface in HIV-1 capsid that is lost upon disassembly. PLoS Pathog. 2014, 10, e1004459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Vernekar, S.K.V.; Sahani, R.L.; Casey, M.C.; Kankanala, J.; Wang, L.; Kirby, K.A.; Du, H.; Zhang, H.; Tedbury, P.R.; Xie, J.; et al. Toward Structurally Novel and Metabolically Stable HIV-1 Capsid-Targeting Small Molecules. Viruses 2020, 12, 452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Wang, L.; Casey, M.C.; Vernekar, S.K.V.; Do, H.T.; Sahani, R.L.; Kirby, K.A.; Du, H.; Hachiya, A.; Zhang, H.; Tedbury, P.R.; et al. Chemical profiling of HIV-1 capsid-targeting antiviral PF74. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 200, 112427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wang, L.; Casey, M.C.; Vernekar, S.K.V.; Sahani, R.L.; Kirby, K.A.; Du, H.; Zhang, H.; Tedbury, P.R.; Xie, J.; Sarafianos, S.G.; et al. Novel PF74-like small molecules targeting the HIV-1 capsid protein: Balance of potency and metabolic stability. Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 2021, 11, 810–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Sahani, R.L.; Diana-Rivero, R.; Vernekar, S.K.V.; Wang, L.; Du, H.; Zhang, H.; Castaner, A.E.; Casey, M.C.; Kirby, K.A.; Tedbury, P.R.; et al. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of HIV-1 CA-Targeting Small Molecules: Conformational Restriction of PF74. Viruses 2021, 13, 479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Sahani, R.L.; Akther, T.; Cilento, M.E.; Castaner, A.E.; Zhang, H.; Kirby, K.A.; Xie, J.; Sarafianos, S.G.; Wang, Z. Potency and metabolic stability: A molecular hybrid case in the design of novel PF74-like small molecules targeting HIV-1 capsid protein. RSC Med. Chem. 2021, 12, 2031–2044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Xu, S.J.; Sun, L.; Barnett, M.; Zhang, X.J.; Ding, D.; Gattu, A.; Shi, D.Z.; Taka, J.R.H.; Shen, W.L.; Jiang, X.Y.; et al. Discovery, Crystallographic Studies, and Mechanistic Investigations of Novel Phenylalanine Derivatives Bearing a Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold as Potent HIV Capsid Modulators. J. Med. Chem. 2023, 66, 16303–16329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Jiang, X.Y.; Sharma, P.P.; Rathi, B.; Ji, X.K.; Hu, L.D.; Gao, Z.; Kang, D.W.; Wang, Z.; Xie, M.H.; Xu, S.J.; et al. Discovery of novel 1,2,4-triazole phenylalanine derivatives targeting an unexplored region within the interprotomer pocket of the HIV capsid protein. J. Med. Virol. 2022, 94, 5975–5986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Ji, X.K.; Li, J.; Sharma, P.P.; Jiang, X.Y.; Rathi, B.; Gao, Z.; Hu, L.D.; Kang, D.W.; De Clercq, E.; Cocklin, S.; et al. Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Phenylalanine-Containing Peptidomimetics as Novel HIV-1 Capsid Binders Based on Ugi Four-Component Reaction. Molecules 2022, 27, 5995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Jiang, X.Y.; Wu, G.C.; Zalloum, W.A.; Meuser, M.E.; Dick, A.; Sun, L.; Chen, C.H.; Kang, D.W.; Jing, L.L.; Jia, R.F.; et al. Discovery of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole phenylalanine derivatives as HIV-1 capsid inhibitors. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 28961–28986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Sun, L.; Dick, A.; Meuser, M.E.; Huang, T.G.; Zalloum, W.A.; Chen, C.H.; Cherukupalli, S.; Xu, S.J.; Ding, X.; Gao, P.; et al. Design, Synthesis, and Mechanism Study of Benzenesulfonamide-Containing Phenylalanine Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors with Improved Antiviral Activities. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 4790–4810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Li, J.; Jiang, X.Y.; Dick, A.; Sharma, P.P.; Chen, C.H.; Rathi, B.; Kang, D.W.; Wang, Z.; Ji, X.K.; Lee, K.H.; et al. Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of phenylalanine derivatives as HIV-1 capsid inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2021, 48, 116414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Sun, L.; Huang, T.G.; Dick, A.; Meuser, M.E.; Zalloum, W.A.; Chen, C.H.; Ding, X.; Gao, P.; Cocklin, S.; Lee, K.H.; et al. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-phenyl-1-1,2,3-triazole phenylalanine derivatives as novel HIV-1 capsid inhibitors with promising antiviral activities. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 190, 112085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Wu, G.C.; Zalloum, W.A.; Meuser, M.E.; Jing, L.L.; Kang, D.W.; Chen, C.H.; Tian, Y.; Zhang, F.F.; Cocklin, S.; Lee, K.H.; et al. Discovery of phenylalanine derivatives as potent HIV-1 capsid inhibitors from click chemistry-based compound library. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 158, 478–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Xu, S.J.; Sun, L.; Dick, A.; Zalloum, W.A.; Huang, T.G.; Meuser, M.E.; Zhang, X.J.; Tao, Y.C.; Cherukupalli, S.; Ding, D.; et al. Design, synthesis, and mechanistic investigations of phenylalanine derivatives containing a benzothiazole moiety as HIV-1 capsid inhibitors with improved metabolic stability. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 227, 113903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Mushtaq, A.; Kazi, F. Lenacapavir: A new treatment of resistant HIV-1 infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2023, 23, 286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Margot, N.; Vanderveen, L.; Naik, V.; Ram, R.; Parvangada, P.; Martin, R.; Rhee, M.; Callebaut, C. Phenotypic resistance to lenacapavir and monotherapy efficacy in a proof-of-concept clinical study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2022, 77, 989–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Margot, N.A.; Naik, V.; VanderVeen, L.; Anoshchenko, O.; Singh, R.; Dvory-Sobol, H.; Rhee, M.S.; Callebaut, C. Resistance Analyses in Highly Treatment-Experienced People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Treated with the Novel Capsid HIV Inhibitor Lenacapavir. J. Infect. Dis. 2022, 226, 1985–1991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Marcelin, A.-G.; Charpentier, C.; Jary, A.; Perrier, M.; Margot, N.; Callebaut, C.; Calvez, V.; Descamps, D. Frequency of capsid substitutions associated with GS-6207 in vitro resistance in HIV-1 from antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2020, 75, 1588–1590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Gres, A.T.; Kirby, K.A.; KewalRamani, V.N.; Tanner, J.J.; Pornillos, O.; Sarafianos, S.G. X-ray crystal structures of native HIV-1 capsid protein reveal conformational variability. Science 2015, 349, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Gritter, R.J.; Dupre, G.D.; Wallace, T.J. Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols with Manganese Dioxide. Nature 1964, 202, 179–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Mowry, D.T. The Preparation of Nitriles. Chem. Rev. 1948, 42, 189–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Rohrbach, S.; Smith, A.J.; Pang, J.H.; Poole, D.L.; Tuttle, T.; Chiba, S.; Murphy, J.A. Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 16368–16388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Billingsley, K.L.; Buchwald, S.L. An Improved System for the Palladium-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Halides with Pinacol Borane. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 5589–5591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Schlecker, W.; Huth, A.; Ottow, E.; Mulzer, J. Regioselective Metalation of Pyridinylcarbamates and Pyridinecarboxamides with (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidino)magnesium Chloride. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 8414–8416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Ellman, J.A.; Owens, T.D.; Tang, T.P. N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imines:  Versatile Intermediates for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Amines. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 984–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Reddy, R.J.; Kumari, A.H. Synthesis and applications of sodium sulfinates (RSO(2)Na): A powerful building block for the synthesis of organosulfur compounds. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 9130–9221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Sonogashira, K. Development of Pd–Cu catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal acetylenes with sp2-carbon halides. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 46–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Miyaura, N.; Yamada, K.; Suzuki, A. A new stereospecific cross-coupling by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with 1-alkenyl or 1-alkynyl halides. Tetrahedron Lett. 1979, 20, 3437–3440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Carpino, L.A. 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole. An efficient peptide coupling additive. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4397–4398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Schrödinger. Small-Molecule Drug Discovery Suite 2021-3; Schrödinger, LLC.: New York, NY, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  49. Schrödinger. Release 2021-3: Maestro; Schrödinger, LLC.: New York, NY, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  50. Sastry, G.M.; Adzhigirey, M.; Day, T.; Annabhimoju, R.; Sherman, W. Protein and ligand preparation: Parameters, protocols, and influence on virtual screening enrichments. J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des. 2013, 27, 221–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Jorgensen, W.L.; Maxwell, D.S.; TiradoRives, J. Development and testing of the OPLS all-atom force field on conformational energetics and properties of organic liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 11225–11236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Schrödinger. Release 2021-3: LigPrep; Schrödinger, LLC.: New York, NY, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  53. Friesner, R.A.; Banks, J.L.; Murphy, R.B.; Halgren, T.A.; Klicic, J.J.; Mainz, D.T.; Repasky, M.P.; Knoll, E.H.; Shelley, M.; Perry, J.K.; et al. Glide: A new approach for rapid, accurate docking and scoring. 1. Method and assessment of docking accuracy. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 1739–1749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Schrödinger. The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 2.0; Schrödinger, LLC.: NewYork, NY, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  55. Pornillos, O.; Ganser-Pornillos, B.K.; Kelly, B.N.; Hua, Y.; Whitby, F.G.; Stout, C.D.; Sundquist, W.I.; Hill, C.P.; Yeager, M. X-ray structures of the hexameric building block of the HIV capsid. Cell 2009, 137, 1282–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Lo, M.C.; Aulabaugh, A.; Jin, G.; Cowling, R.; Bard, J.; Malamas, M.; Ellestad, G. Evaluation of fluorescence-based thermal shift assays for hit identification in drug discovery. Anal. Biochem. 2004, 332, 153–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Miyazaki, Y.; Doi, N.; Koma, T.; Adachi, A.; Nomaguchi, M. Novel In Vitro Screening System Based on Differential Scanning Fluorimetry to Search for Small Molecules against the Disassembly or Assembly of HIV-1 Capsid Protein. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Pantoliano, M.W.; Petrella, E.C.; Kwasnoski, J.D.; Lobanov, V.S.; Myslik, J.; Graf, E.; Carver, T.; Asel, E.; Springer, B.A.; Lane, P.; et al. High-density miniaturized thermal shift assays as a general strategy for drug discovery. J. Biomol. Screen 2001, 6, 429–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Adachi, A.; Gendelman, H.E.; Koenig, S.; Folks, T.; Willey, R.; Rabson, A.; Martin, M.A. Production of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus in human and nonhuman cells transfected with an infectious molecular clone. J. Virol. 1986, 59, 284–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ijms 25 03734 g001
Figure 1. Design of novel HIV CA-targeting chemotypes. (A) Chemical structures of 1, PF74, and 2, GS-6207. (B) Docking of the two best-known CA inhibitors 1, PF74 (cyan), and 2, GS-6207 (crimson), into the presumed binding pocket (PDB: 4XFZ). Overlay shows that both chemical scaffolds bind similarly. (C) Chemical profiling of 1, PF74, identified analog 3 as a potent stabilizer and analog 4 as a unique destabilizer. Molecular hybridization led to the design of hybrids 5 and 6. (D) Modular synthetic approach entailing the key skeleton C2 (8a,b) and sequential reactions with C1 (7, Suzuki), C4 (10, Sonogashira), and C3 (9a,b, amide coupling). Asterisks (*) indicate stereocenters with undefined configurations.
Figure 1. Design of novel HIV CA-targeting chemotypes. (A) Chemical structures of 1, PF74, and 2, GS-6207. (B) Docking of the two best-known CA inhibitors 1, PF74 (cyan), and 2, GS-6207 (crimson), into the presumed binding pocket (PDB: 4XFZ). Overlay shows that both chemical scaffolds bind similarly. (C) Chemical profiling of 1, PF74, identified analog 3 as a potent stabilizer and analog 4 as a unique destabilizer. Molecular hybridization led to the design of hybrids 5 and 6. (D) Modular synthetic approach entailing the key skeleton C2 (8a,b) and sequential reactions with C1 (7, Suzuki), C4 (10, Sonogashira), and C3 (9a,b, amide coupling). Asterisks (*) indicate stereocenters with undefined configurations.
Ijms 25 03734 g001
Ijms 25 03734 g002
Figure 2. Docking of the four newly designed analogs into PF74-bound HIV-1 CA (PDB ID: 4XFZ) [37]. Control docking was conducted with 2, GS-6207 (Glide score = −13.41 kcal/mol). Predicted binding modes of (A) compound 5a (Glide score = −12.31 kcal/mol); (B) compound 6a (Glide score = −12.73 kcal/mol); (C) compound 5b (Glide score = −14.07 kcal/mol); and (D) compound 6b (Glide score = −10.32 kcal/mol). Hydrogen bonding interactions are depicted as pink dashed lines. CANTD is shown in orange cartoon and adjacent CACTD in gold cartoon, with key residues around binding site shown as orange sticks. The nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine atoms are colored blue, red, light blue, and green, respectively.
Figure 2. Docking of the four newly designed analogs into PF74-bound HIV-1 CA (PDB ID: 4XFZ) [37]. Control docking was conducted with 2, GS-6207 (Glide score = −13.41 kcal/mol). Predicted binding modes of (A) compound 5a (Glide score = −12.31 kcal/mol); (B) compound 6a (Glide score = −12.73 kcal/mol); (C) compound 5b (Glide score = −14.07 kcal/mol); and (D) compound 6b (Glide score = −10.32 kcal/mol). Hydrogen bonding interactions are depicted as pink dashed lines. CANTD is shown in orange cartoon and adjacent CACTD in gold cartoon, with key residues around binding site shown as orange sticks. The nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine atoms are colored blue, red, light blue, and green, respectively.
Ijms 25 03734 g002
Ijms 25 03734 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthesis of component C1 (compound 7). Reagents and conditions: (a) MnO2, DCM, rt, 8 h, 87%; (b) H2NOH.H2O, Ac2O, AcOH, 75 °C, 6 h, 71%; (c) H2NNH2.H2O, EtOH, 90 °C, 4 h, 60%; (d) B2Pin2, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, KOAc, 1,4-dioxane 110 °C, 18 h, 50%.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of component C1 (compound 7). Reagents and conditions: (a) MnO2, DCM, rt, 8 h, 87%; (b) H2NOH.H2O, Ac2O, AcOH, 75 °C, 6 h, 71%; (c) H2NNH2.H2O, EtOH, 90 °C, 4 h, 60%; (d) B2Pin2, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, KOAc, 1,4-dioxane 110 °C, 18 h, 50%.
Ijms 25 03734 sch001
Ijms 25 03734 sch002
Scheme 2. Synthesis of C2 (8a and 8b). Reagents and conditions: (a) TMPMgCl.LiCI, THF, DMF, −20 °C, 8 h, 56%; (b) Cs2CO3, NMP, rt, 4 h, 60%; (c) dry THF, −78 °C, 2 h, 65%; (d) 4N HCl/dioxane, MeOH, rt, 3 h, 76%; (e) (Boc)2O, NEt3, DCM, rt, 2 h, 80%.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of C2 (8a and 8b). Reagents and conditions: (a) TMPMgCl.LiCI, THF, DMF, −20 °C, 8 h, 56%; (b) Cs2CO3, NMP, rt, 4 h, 60%; (c) dry THF, −78 °C, 2 h, 65%; (d) 4N HCl/dioxane, MeOH, rt, 3 h, 76%; (e) (Boc)2O, NEt3, DCM, rt, 2 h, 80%.
Ijms 25 03734 sch002
Ijms 25 03734 g003
Figure 3. X-ray crystal structure of 22a.
Figure 3. X-ray crystal structure of 22a.
Ijms 25 03734 g003
Ijms 25 03734 sch003
Scheme 3. Synthesis of C4 (compound 10). Reagents and conditions: (a) MeSO2Na, Cu(I)Cl, DMF, 60 °C, 18 h, 41%.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of C4 (compound 10). Reagents and conditions: (a) MeSO2Na, Cu(I)Cl, DMF, 60 °C, 18 h, 41%.
Ijms 25 03734 sch003
Ijms 25 03734 sch004
Scheme 4. The modular synthesis of newly designed hybrids 5a,b and 6a,b. Reagents and conditions: (a) 10, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, CuI, Et3N, Dry THF, rt, 6 h, 65%; (b) 7, Pd(dppf)2Cl2, K2CO3, Dioxane/H2O, 110 °C, overnight, 61%; (c) Methanesulfonyl chloride, TEA, DCM, rt, 12 h, 73%; (d) TFA, DCM, rt, 12 h; (e) HATU. i-Pr2NEt, DMF, rt, 1 h; (f) 2N NaOH, MeOH, rt, 1 h, 41%. Asterisks (*) indicate stereocenters with undefined configurations.
Scheme 4. The modular synthesis of newly designed hybrids 5a,b and 6a,b. Reagents and conditions: (a) 10, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, CuI, Et3N, Dry THF, rt, 6 h, 65%; (b) 7, Pd(dppf)2Cl2, K2CO3, Dioxane/H2O, 110 °C, overnight, 61%; (c) Methanesulfonyl chloride, TEA, DCM, rt, 12 h, 73%; (d) TFA, DCM, rt, 12 h; (e) HATU. i-Pr2NEt, DMF, rt, 1 h; (f) 2N NaOH, MeOH, rt, 1 h, 41%. Asterisks (*) indicate stereocenters with undefined configurations.
Ijms 25 03734 sch004
Table 1. Thermal shift and cell-based antiviral analysis of selected compounds.
Table 1. Thermal shift and cell-based antiviral analysis of selected compounds.
CompoundΔTm (°C) aEC50 (µM) b,c
5a0.18 ± 0.21>11
5b1.6 ± 0.19>50
6a0.12 ± 0.30>33
6b0.10 ± 0.24>100
PF745.7 ± 0.480.55 ± 0.09
a ΔTm: melting point change of CA hexamer in presence of compound compared to DMSO control. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) from at least two independent experiments. b Half maximal effective concentration from at least two independent experiments. c Cytotoxic effects from compounds were visible during EC50 determination; the results may be unreliable.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Akther, T.; McFadden, W.M.; Zhang, H.; Kirby, K.A.; Sarafianos, S.G.; Wang, Z. Design and Synthesis of New GS-6207 Subtypes for Targeting HIV-1 Capsid Protein. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073734

AMA Style

Akther T, McFadden WM, Zhang H, Kirby KA, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. Design and Synthesis of New GS-6207 Subtypes for Targeting HIV-1 Capsid Protein. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073734

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akther, Thamina, William M. McFadden, Huanchun Zhang, Karen A. Kirby, Stefan G. Sarafianos, and Zhengqiang Wang. 2024. "Design and Synthesis of New GS-6207 Subtypes for Targeting HIV-1 Capsid Protein" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073734

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop