The Crucial Roles of Pitx3 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development and Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Introduction of Pitx3
2.1. Pitx3 Structure
2.2. Pitx3 Protein
2.3. Pitx3 in the Main Subgroups of mDA Neurons
3. Pitx3 and Pitx3-Related Transcriptional Networks in mDA Neuron Development
3.1. Pitx3 and Lmx1 a/b
3.2. Pitx3 and Nurr1
3.3. Pitx3 and Engrailed-1/Engrailed-2
3.4. Pitx3 and Foxa1/2
4. The Broad Role of Pitx3 in PD: From Model to Patients
4.1. Development of Pitx3-Deficient Mouse Models
4.2. The Role of Pitx3 in Cell Therapy
4.3. Pitx3 and PD
5. Conclusions and Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Transcription Factor | The Expression Time Embryonic Day (E) | The Cells It Acts on | The Distribution Region | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pitx3 | E11.5 | Mature mDA neurons | Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental region | [23,61] |
Lmx1a | E9 | Mitotic ventral mesencephalic precursor cells | Ventral midbrain and dorsally | [46,47] |
Lmx1b | E7.5 | Neural progenitor cells, Mitotic ventral mesencephalic precursor cells | Derive from the midbrain, then restricted to the ventral midbrain, the floor plate, mid-hindbrain boundary, and roof plate | [46,47] |
Nurr1 | E10.5 | Immature/ mature mDA neurons | Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, and midbrain | [61,83] |
En1/2 | E8 | Ventral mDA precursor | Midbrain and hindbrain | [65,66,67] |
Foxa 1 | E7.5 | mDA progenitors, immature/ mature neurons | Floorplate, notochord, and endoderm | [76,77,79] |
Foxa 2 | E6.5 | mDA progenitors, immature/ mature neurons | Posterior epiblast, anterior definitive endoderm, axial mesoderm | [76,77,79] |
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Wang, X.; Chen, X.; Liu, G.; Cai, H.; Le, W. The Crucial Roles of Pitx3 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development and Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108614
Wang X, Chen X, Liu G, Cai H, Le W. The Crucial Roles of Pitx3 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development and Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(10):8614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108614
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xin, Xi Chen, Guangdong Liu, Huaibin Cai, and Weidong Le. 2023. "The Crucial Roles of Pitx3 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development and Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10: 8614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108614