Programmed Death-Ligand 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Expression Levels of PD-1 and PD-Ls in the EAM Hearts
2.2. PD-L2 Deficiency Exacerbates Cardiac Inflammation in EAM
2.3. PD-L2 Deficiency Promotes Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in the EAM Heart
2.4. PD-L2 Deficiency in Dendritic Cells Promotes CD4+ T Cell Proliferation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Mice
4.2. EAM Induction
4.3. Histopathological Examination
4.4. Flow Cytometric Analyses
4.5. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.6. T Cell Proliferation Assay
4.7. ELISA
4.8. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APC | antigen-presenting cell |
BMDC | bone marrow-derived dendritic cell |
CCL | chemokine (C-C motif) ligand |
CFSE | carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester |
CXCL | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand |
DC | dendritic cell |
EAM | experimental autoimmune myocarditis |
H&E | hematoxylin and eosin |
IFN-γ | interferon-γ |
IL | interleukin |
MyHC-α | myosin heavy chain-α |
PD-1 | programmed death 1 |
PD-L1 | programmed death ligand 1 |
PD-L2 | programmed death ligand 2 |
TCR | T cell receptor |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor beta |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
WT | wild-type |
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Li, S.; Tajiri, K.; Murakoshi, N.; Xu, D.; Yonebayashi, S.; Okabe, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Feng, D.; Inoue, K.; Aonuma, K.; et al. Programmed Death-Ligand 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031426
Li S, Tajiri K, Murakoshi N, Xu D, Yonebayashi S, Okabe Y, Yuan Z, Feng D, Inoue K, Aonuma K, et al. Programmed Death-Ligand 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3):1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031426
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Siqi, Kazuko Tajiri, Nobuyuki Murakoshi, DongZhu Xu, Saori Yonebayashi, Yuta Okabe, Zixun Yuan, Duo Feng, Keiko Inoue, Kazuhiro Aonuma, and et al. 2021. "Programmed Death-Ligand 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3: 1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031426