Lung Cancer in the French West Indies: Role of Sugarcane Work and Other Occupational Exposures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Strengths and Limitations of This Study
- This population-based study was conducted in an Afro-Caribbean population, with specific and rarely studied occupational exposures, such as those related to banana or sugarcane cultivation.
- Detailed information on lifetime occupational history was obtained by in-person interviews.
- Misclassification of exposure may have occurred, which is likely to be non-differential.
- A limitation, common in studies of small populations, is the relatively small number of cases.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Occupations # | ISCO Codes | Cases n = 147 | Controls n = 405 | OR * | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Professional, technical, and related workers | 0/1 | 40 | 121 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 |
Clerical and related workers | 3 | 34 | 119 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 |
Sale workers | 4 | 24 | 72 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.4 |
Service workers | 5 | 42 | 106 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.8 |
Cooks, waiters, bartenders, and related Workers | 53 | 8 | 28 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.1 |
Maids and related housekeeping service workers not elsewhere classified | 54 | 15 | 36 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.8 |
Building caretakers, charworkers, cleaners, and related workers | 55 | 8 | 27 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.1 |
Service workers not elsewhere classified | 59 | 7 | 13 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.9 |
Agricultural, animal husbandry, and forestry workers, fishermen, and hunters | 6 | 29 | 78 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.1 |
Agricultural and animal husbandry workers | 62 | 26 | 54 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.8 |
Field crop farm worker (general) | 62210 | 6 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.5–4.8 |
Sugarcane farm worker | 62260 | 13 | 18 | 2.7 | 1.1–6.6 |
Gardener | 62740 | 7 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.6–5.5 |
Production and related workers, transport equipment operators, and labourers | 7/8/9 | 58 | 192 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 |
Painters | 93 | 7 | 13 | 1.3 | 0.4–3.7 |
Bricklayers, carpenters, and other construction workers | 95 | 18 | 58 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.1 |
Reinforced concreter (general) | 95210 | 9 | 36 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.2 |
Material handling and related equipment operators, dockers, and freight handlers | 97 | 13 | 30 | 1.8 | 0.8–4.0 |
Warehouse porter | 97145 | 6 | 11 | 2.4 | 0.8–7.3 |
Transport equipment operators | 98 | 14 | 47 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.2 |
Labourers | 99910 | 10 | 22 | 2.3 | 0.9–5.9 |
Industries # | NAF Codes | Cases n = 147 | Controls n = 405 | OR * | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture, hunting, and related service activities | 01 | 21 | 54 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.6 |
Growing of cereals and other crops n.e.c. | 011A | 12 | 19 | 2.5 | 1.0–6.3 |
Growing of fruit, nuts, beverage, and spice crops | 011F | 7 | 16 | 1.1 | 0.4–2.9 |
Manufacture of food products, beverages, and tobacco | 15 | 13 | 44 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 |
Manufacture of distilled potable alcoholic beverages | 159A | 8 | 11 | 1.7 | 0.6–5.3 |
Construction | 45 | 22 | 100 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 |
Construction of single-family houses | 452A | 8 | 35 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.6 |
General construction of building and civil engineering works | 452B | 6 | 28 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.3 |
Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of automotive fuel | 50 | 10 | 33 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.5 |
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles | 502Z | 8 | 13 | 2.2 | 0.8–5.9 |
Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 51 | 10 | 20 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.1 |
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles and personal and household goods | 52 | 33 | 67 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.5 |
Retail sale of food and beverages in non-specialized stores | 521B | 8 | 14 | 1.4 | 0.5–4.0 |
Hotels and restaurants | 55 | 10 | 32 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.0 |
Land transport; transport via pipelines | 60 | 6 | 33 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.1 |
Other business activities | 74 | 6 | 37 | 0.4 | 0.2–1.2 |
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | 75 | 36 | 147 | 0.6 | 0.3–0.9 |
General (overall) public service activities | 751A | 21 | 49 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 |
Defence activities | 752C | 12 | 101 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.5 |
Education | 80 | 30 | 109 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 |
Primary education | 801Z | 10 | 23 | 1.3 | 0.6–3.1 |
General secondary education | 802A | 8 | 30 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.1 |
Technical and vocational secondary education | 802C | 8 | 23 | 2.1 | 0.8–5.3 |
Adult and other education n.e.c. | 804C | 5 | 31 | 0.4 | 0.2–1.3 |
Health and social work | 85 | 20 | 53 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.4 |
Hospital activities | 851A | 12 | 28 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.0 |
Activities of membership organisations n.e.c. | 91 | 5 | 9 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.0 |
Recreational, cultural, and sporting activities | 92 | 5 | 25 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 |
Other service activities | 93 | 5 | 7 | 1.6 | 0.3–7.4 |
Activities of households as employers of domestic staff | 95 | 17 | 37 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.1 |
Exposures | Cases n = 147 | Controls n = 405 | OR * | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diesel exhaust | 22 | 54 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.6 |
Gasoline exhaust | 18 | 48 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.4 |
Dusts | 66 | 235 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 |
Fumes | 43 | 99 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.3 |
Acids | 25 | 87 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.4 |
Welding | 9 | 49 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.6 |
Painting | 21 | 54 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 |
Asbestos | 13 | 75 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 |
Solvents | 24 | 60 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 |
Wood treatment products | 9 | 15 | 1.5 | 0.5–4.1 |
Other chemical products | 4 | 5 | 1.4 | 0.2–7.5 |
Disinfection of agricultural premises | 4 | 11 | 1.6 | 0.4–7.0 |
Pesticides a in general b | 13 | 36 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.5 |
Pesticides in sugarcane | 8 | 13 | 2.6 | 0.9–7.6 |
Pesticides in banana | 6 | 8 | 3.0 | 0.8–10.5 |
Pesticides in other crops | 4 | 21 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.8 |
Insecticides in general | 4 | 17 | 1.2 | 0.4–4.0 |
Insecticides in sugarcane | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Insecticides in banana | 1 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.1–6.9 |
Insecticides in other crops | 3 | 10 | 1.7 | 0.4–7.1 |
Herbicides in general | 13 | 32 | 1.9 | 0.8–4.1 |
Herbicides in sugarcane | 8 | 13 | 2.6 | 0.9–7.6 |
Herbicides in banana | 6 | 7 | 3.2 | 0.9–11.6 |
Herbicides in other crops | 4 | 16 | 1.7 | 0.5–5.6 |
Fungicides in general | 2 | 18 | 0.8 | 0.2–3.6 |
Fungicides in sugarcane | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Fungicides in banana | 1 | 5 | 1.8 | 0.2–16.7 |
Fungicides in other crops | 1 | 12 | 0.6 | 0.1–4.8 |
Sugarcane work | ||||
Cutting of the sugarcane | 9 | 18 | 1.4 | 0.5–3.8 |
Collecting the sugarcane | 6 | 16 | 1.8 | 0.6–5.4 |
Burning of the sugarcane | 4 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.1–2.1 |
Other work in the field | 4 | 14 | 0.9 | 0.2–3.6 |
Crushing of the sugarcane | 2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0.1–125.3 |
Handling the sugarcane | 10 | 20 | 1.9 | 0.7–4.7 |
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Cabréra, L.; Auguste, A.; Michineau, L.; Joachim, C.; Deloumeaux, J.; Luce, D. Lung Cancer in the French West Indies: Role of Sugarcane Work and Other Occupational Exposures. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013444
Cabréra L, Auguste A, Michineau L, Joachim C, Deloumeaux J, Luce D. Lung Cancer in the French West Indies: Role of Sugarcane Work and Other Occupational Exposures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013444
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabréra, Léïla, Aviane Auguste, Léah Michineau, Clarisse Joachim, Jacqueline Deloumeaux, and Danièle Luce. 2022. "Lung Cancer in the French West Indies: Role of Sugarcane Work and Other Occupational Exposures" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013444